Replacing a cast iron lounger (1 of 3)

Replacement of sewerage in Khrushchev

Today, not every person can afford to live in a new building with a modern renovation and with all the convenient communication benefits, so many are trying to equip their no longer new housing. Gradually, repairs are being made using new materials and technologies, apartments are being re-planned and sewage is being replaced in Khrushchev with their own hands. The last task is serious, so its implementation must be approached with maximum responsibility. To do this, you can use the services of an experienced plumber or do the replacement yourself.

Let's pay attention to the replacement of pipes in the apartment, since in order to obtain the desired and effective result, you need to follow a number of rules, requirements and recommendations from professionals

What varieties are

Having figured it out
what is a bed
sewers, you need to find out what are the options for the design of this
section of the system. since we are talking about pipelines, it is necessary to clarify their dimensions
and features.

Despite the seeming simplicity,
there are significant differences in their placement and purpose. Many mistakenly think
about sewer
sun loungers that these are the same parts of the system, no different in
any building. However, there are several types of horizontal pipelines. Before
All you need to do is separate them by location:

• apartment bed. Connected at one end to
  riser, and the second goes to the most distant plumbing fixture,
  washing machine or washing machine. Most apartment lines have a diameter of 50 mm,
  which connects to a short section of 110 mm just before the entrance to the riser;
• basement bed. The riser passes into it, and
  the second end of the basement is connected to the exit node from the house. Diameter
  basement area 110 or 160 mm.

Apartment plots horizontal
wiring is the property of the owner of the premises. He must contain
maintain and repair them yourself, or hire specialists for
your money. In contrast, the basement sewer bed belongs to the common house
property, as well as a riser. This applies to apartment buildings, as in
private house, the entire internal system is the property of the owner.

Pipe material

Can be used for assembly
different pipe material:

• cast iron. They are strong and reliable, capable of long
  serve without replacement. Cast iron beds can withstand significant loads, not
  afraid of contact with chemical compounds or temperature changes;
• plastic. Light weight, smooth interior
  surface. the vast majority of modern systems are assembled from plastic
  pipes, as they are cheaper and much easier to install.

When it comes to internal
parts of the system, it is necessary to specify - a sewer lounger, what is it, apartment or
basement element, what material it is made of and in what house it is located. it
an important point, since in a private house he is alone (usually), but in an apartment building
the house has as many basement pipelines as there are entrances. They join in
a single pipeline just before leaving the house (and sometimes not
are connected, each entrance has its own exit node). If not
determine immediately which element is being discussed, misunderstandings are inevitable
and mistakes.

What it is

A sewer bed is a section of pipelines located horizontally. As a rule, considering this element of the system, they mean internal sewage. this happens because the outer part is all located horizontally and is the same at any point.

Necessary
take into account that the sewer
the lounger is not an independent element of the network. This is exactly the area
line segment. It cannot be used in isolation from other parts
system, since the whole of it is a single network. The lounger is allocated,
because it is easier for specialists to communicate. Internal sewerage consists of
the following elements:

• basement horizontal part connected to
  release from home;
• vertical pipe providing transmission
  drains from all floors;
• horizontal apartment wiring, connected
  to plumbing, washing machines or dishwashers.

Features of installation or replacement

A sewer lounger is a section of a gravity-flowing or pressurized drainage system. Depending on the type of network, different installation rules apply.If a pressure line is being built, special pipes are used that are designed for certain loads. The angle of inclination and other features in this case do not play a role, the main condition is the strength and tightness of the line.

All horizontal pipelines
gravity drainage systems are laid under a given slope. The magnitude of this
angle is inversely proportional to the pipe diameter. For example, an apartment lounger in the sewer
an apartment building with a diameter of 50 mm is laid at the rate of 3 cm in height
per meter of pipe length. That is, for a 5-meter lounger, the difference between the extreme
points will be 3 × 5 = 15 cm. For basement pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, the ratio
is changing. The slope is 2 cm per meter (for a 5-meter section, the difference
will be 10 cm). if the pipe is 160 mm in diameter, the slope is even smaller and equal to 8 mm / m.

These values ​​must be respected as the normal operation of the network depends on them. If the slope is exceeded, the water will leave quickly and will not have time to take organic matter with it. Blockages form. If the slope is too small, the organic matter will simply settle and stick to the walls. As a result, layers and blockages are also formed.

When should sewer pipes be replaced?

As a rule, in houses that have been in operation for more than twenty years, cast-iron sewer pipes are installed, or a combined option is used: a cast-iron riser and plastic taps to the bath and kitchen. What you need to know about cast iron This metal is susceptible to corrosion. Couplings (elbows, tees, etc.) quickly acquire a layer of dirt and corrode faster, straight sections less, but still, during a major overhaul or in the event of an accident, cast-iron sewer pipes should be changed if possible.

Old sewer pipes, especially cast iron pipes, are often highly susceptible to corrosion and leaks are not uncommon. You should also examine the condition of the riser. Not always replacing the sewer system in an apartment can ensure the guaranteed quality of the entire system in the house, and you have to think about replacing the house riser. However, if the sewer system is relatively new and made of plastic pipes, then there is no need to replace the risers. Perhaps laying on a different route to the place of collection of wastewater, or changing their location, perhaps increasing the diameter of the apartment sewer pipes can solve the problem of poor sewerage work at a lower cost than replacing the sewer riser at home.

Installing the rubber gasket

This is the most correct and high-quality method for the transition of plastic and cast iron, used in plumbing. The essence of this method is to connect two pipes using a rubber gasket selected according to the diameter. Usually, the diameter of a new sewer pipe is smaller than the inner diameter of the cast iron pipe, so the PVC pipe is inserted into the cast iron pipe.

Before installation, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the installation site on the side of the cast-iron pipe. After that, a rubber adapter is installed in it, which will act as a holding and sealing device. To install it, you may need a sealant, as well as a certain amount of effort to hammer it into the outlet of the cast-iron pipe for connection. Once the adapter is installed in the cast iron pipe, the new plastic pipe can be easily inserted and a reliable transition between plastic and cast iron can be achieved.It is desirable to ensure that the new pipe enters the old cast-iron pipe at a distance of five to ten centimeters.

In addition to internal cuffs, you can also find external rubber couplings on the market that can be used for pipes, the difference in diameters that does not allow them to be connected by inserting one into the other.

During installation

During installation, ensure
given slope. The easiest way to do this is if the pipe is attached to the wall. Then
it will be enough to outline the axis of the pipe on its surface and install along the line
several clamps. The assembly starts from the tee, gradually moving away from it in
side of the furthest instrument. Line trace is configured
room, but do not make sharp turns. The best option is
straight pipe. Before installation, you need to measure the length of the line and stock up on the necessary
taps for connecting all drain sets.

Replacing the sewer lounger is done in the same way as installation, only first you will need to disassemble the old pipeline. First you need to turn off the water, so as not to accidentally flood the room. Then turn off plumbing, washing machines and dishwashers. After that, the pipe is disassembled, moving from the end to the riser. The last step is to install a new pipe section in reverse order.

First stage of work

Depending on the situation and the specific case, an application to the Housing Office to replace the sewer riser may be required, which is drawn up on the spot and has a predominantly formal meaning.

The first stage is the dismantling of old cast iron products.Since it is planned to work with cast iron, it must be remembered that this material is fragile, especially for pipes that have been in use for several decades.

When working with cast iron, experts recommend wearing goggles and a respirator.

It is also important to pay attention to the following points:

• if you hit an old pipe with a metal hammer, then small pieces can fly off from it, which can clog the sewer. To prevent such a situation, it is worth using a hammer with a rubber or wooden percussion element;
• it is best to dismantle the old section to the socket. If it is not possible to do this completely, you can use an adapter, with which a plastic pipe is fastened to a cast iron pipe;
• as a rule, a grinder is used to cut cast iron, but if such a tool is not at hand, you can use a simple hacksaw. In the latter case, dismantling will take much longer.

Recommended reading: Sizing of sewer fittings

Replacement of heating pipes

Before changing pipes for heating, it is important to determine the type of this process. So, there are only two types of heating:

• with a single-pipe system, hot water flows vertically through the risers. For installation, products are used with a diameter of 25 or 32 mm, while the pipes supplying water to the heating radiator can be 20 mm in diameter;
• with a two-pipe system, hot water is supplied through one pipe, and through the second it is discharged back into the system. In this case, the diameter of the selected pipes will depend on the number of radiators.If there are more than 8 of these elements, then it is more expedient to choose a diameter of 32 mm, if this number is less, then 20 mm will be enough. For the installation of risers, pipes with a diameter of 32 mm can also be used.

Heating pipes change in the following sequence:

• all water is drained from the system;
• points are marked for the location of fasteners. For these purposes, you need to install the batteries on the stands and drill holes with a puncher;
• if a single-pipe system is envisaged, then a Mayevsky crane must be placed in the upper part of the battery to release air. The bottom hole should be closed with a plug. Before installing the plug, it is required to clean the pipe of paint. The valve for adjusting the heating must be installed using a special key. To facilitate the procedure, it is recommended to use elements equipped with union nuts. When the batteries are suspended, you can proceed with the installation of the pipeline;
• when a two-pipe system is planned, then in the floor it will be necessary to make strobes for pipes, which are subsequently sheathed with insulation and fit into these recesses. The pipeline that is connected to the batteries should also be hidden in strobes, only in the walls;
• now the result can be checked for tightness, while the work should be carried out under conditions of high pressure, which should exceed the normal values ​​​​by one and a half times.

Recommended reading: How to make a sewer well?

Replacement of water pipes

If they plan to make repairs in a house with an old pipeline, then it is they who change it first of all, and plastic models are most often used.Metal-plastic products deserve less popularity, as they are relatively expensive.

Work on replacing water pipes must be carried out in several stages and in a certain sequence:

• first you need to shut off the water throughout the riser, after which the plumbing fixtures are disconnected and the pipes are dismantled. They are cut and carefully pulled out of the walls;
• the required length of plastic products is adjusted using a special pipe cutter;
• at the next stage, it is necessary to weld the plastic segments using a soldering iron, on which a special nozzle is put on. The tool heats up to about 250 degrees;
• the pipe and the fitting suitable for it are held on the nozzle of the soldering iron for about 10 seconds, after which it is removed and fastened together, waiting for the cooling time. Thus, other connections should be made;
• welding of plastic pipes should begin with the main riser, then you can start soldering the taps.

After that, wiring is done in the bathroom, toilet and kitchen.

Outlet to the well

A typical outlet diameter is 100-150 millimeters. The beginning of the outlet from the basement is completed with a plugged tee for cleaning. The slope of the pipe is at least 1 centimeter per linear meter; slope changes, and even more so counter slopes, are strictly prohibited, since they will inevitably lead to constant blockages.

Since the outlet is laid in the ground, rather stringent requirements are imposed on the strength of the pipes. The release is being laid:

• Cast iron pipe (including ductile iron - high-strength cast iron with nodular graphite);
• Orange PVC pipe for outdoor use with high ring stiffness.

With regard to the areas of responsibility in relation to the release, the situation is rather complicated: its blockages are cleared by employees of the housing department or the management company, repairs and replacements are carried out by them; however, damage to the outlet during the subsidence of the walls of the well must be eliminated by the Gorvodokanal. However, every controversial case is a cause for friction between the parties concerned.

Replacing the outlet with a well is associated with earthworks in the basement and on the street.

The most common exhaust problem is blockage. Its cause is:

• The rags missed by the tenants in the toilet while washing the floors. The rag clings to any unevenness inside the pipes and quickly becomes overgrown with other debris;
• Fat plugs. Fat from the plates settles on the walls of the pipes as the wastewater cools, gradually reducing their useful cross section.

Cleaning the sewer in an apartment building and in this case is carried out using a sewer wire. Cleaning of blockages is practiced both from the side of the basement and from the well.

Release to the well after cleaning from the basement.

When cleaning the fatty plug, the hook at the end of the wire is enlarged, and the wire itself, with continuous rotation, passes through the blockage several times. The goal is to remove as much fat from the pipe walls as possible.

Lezhnevka combines the risers of the entrance and is laid with a constant slope to the outlet to the well of 1 - 2 cm / m, depending on the diameter. In houses built after the 70s of the last century, the typical diameter of the bed is 100 mm; in stalinkas and earlier structures, you can find beds with a diameter of 150 and even 200 mm.

The pipe is laid on supports (including basement bulkheads) or hung on steel hangers, which are anchored to the ceiling.The fastening step depends on the diameter and material of the pipe.

All around plastic

New sewer systems these days are usually made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polypropylene (PP) pipes. If you are particularly interested in suppressing the sound of running sewage, you can use special low-noise pipes (they are expensive, however), or you can shield the sound-absorbing areas with rock wool, foam, or simply wall the pipes into the floor or walls. You should be aware that plastic pipe risers are definitely noisier than cast iron ones, but this is usually not a problem, as they are hidden behind the decorative finishes of the premises.

Switching from cast iron to plastic sewer can be problematic for several reasons. First of all, these are different properties of materials, it is also not always possible to connect them at a high-quality level without special means, and it is also not always possible to get to the junction points to perform work, especially in apartments where repairs have been completed and an emergency replacement of sewers is required.

Often, during the construction or modernization of sewer networks, a situation arises when it is necessary to establish a connection between an existing and newly built sewer network. In such situations, it is necessary to connect pipes from different materials, to make the transition from cast iron to plastic. Often these pipes are no longer available or at the same time the technical standards have changed and such products are no longer produced, such as asbestos concrete for sewers and even the popular cast iron.

Difficulties in connecting plastic and cast iron in the sewer system:

• Different diameters of bends, elbows, couplings of plastic and cast iron pipelines.
• The difference is in the technology of installation, pipe connection.
• The inability to use materials for sealing cast iron pipes for plastic pipes.
• Different requirements for the rules for laying pipes from different materials.

Chasing

This method of transitioning plastic and cast-iron pipes refers more to the installation of cast-iron pipes, and chasing involves sealing with flax, other materials for winding, followed by pouring with sealant or cement mortar. The pipes are connected, as in the previous case, by introducing a pipe of a smaller diameter (made of PVC) into a pipe or socket of a larger diameter (made of cast iron).

The connection technology is carried out in several stages. First on pvc pipe a layer of glue, sealant is applied, then a layer of flax is wound and the pipes are connected, additionally embossing is carried out, flax is stuffed along the diameter for better sealing. After that, the junction is filled with sealant, sanitary silicone or other composition. The difference from chasing cast iron pipes is that hot bituminous mastics are not used for this method, which can damage the PVC pipe.

Upwards

Let's start with a simple enumeration of the sewer elements. When listing, we will move against the movement of stocks - from bottom to top:

1. The yard sewerage well is in the department of the Gorvodokanal. It ends with a release to the well, which diverts the drains of several risers outside the walls of the house (usually from one entrance);
2. Outlet to the well - a pipe with a slope in its direction, laid through the foundation of the building and laid below the freezing level of the soil. The outlet discharges wastewater into a tray in the concreted bottom of the well;
3. Lezhnevka - a horizontal pipe connecting sewer risers;

I operate with terms used in the region where I happened to work as a plumber. Often, even among professionals, the same object is called differently. The same bed can be called a sunbed or simply a horizontal sewer.

1. Riser - a vertical pipe that collects the drains of apartments located one above the other;
2. Comb - internal sewerage. It got its name from the days when plastic wiring for apartments with an adjacent bath and kitchen was made monolithic and really looked like a rare comb for combing hair;
3. Fan pipe - ventilation outlet of the riser to the roof.

Now let's move on in the same order.

If the storm sewer is closed with lattice covers for receiving wastewater, then the well of the yard sewerage is closed with a monolithic cover, which excludes the ingress of foreign objects into it.

Its location is marked on the wall of the house with the designation of the type KK12, KK5, etc. in which the letters indicate exactly the sewer well, and the number indicates the distance to this well in meters along a line drawn perpendicular to the wall with the designation.

typical material for the walls of the well - reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 1000 mm. Steel brackets are fixed in the wall, allowing you to go down to the bottom level. The bottom is concreted to prevent untreated drains from entering the ground; there is usually a recess in concrete - a tray that directs wastewater to the next well and further to the collector.

A blockage between the wells means that the drains from the entrance enter it, but do not go to the collector.Cleaning in accordance with the current regulations should be carried out pneumatically:

Instructions for pneumatic cleaning blockage.

As you know, in our country, not all technological operations are carried out in accordance with the regulations. Sewer cleaning is no exception. In practice, sewer wire is used for it - steel wire with a diameter of 5 - 6 mm with a hook at one end and a handle at the other.

Cleaning is done like this:

1. The coil of wire is completely unwound;
2. The locksmith descends into the well and feeds the wire with a hook to the blockage;
3. His partner pulls on the wire, preventing it from looping, and turns the handle to help the hook break the cork.

Clogged sewerage.

This method has four serious drawbacks.

1. The walls of the well are always covered with a layer of dried sewage. A person who descends into it rises to the surface in a very unsightly appearance;
2. Staples of old wells are often partially or completely destroyed: wet fumes from sewage have a detrimental effect on steel;
3. Methane and other gases often accumulate in the well, which are products of fermentation of wastewater or penetrating from the ground. By themselves, they are not overly toxic; however, oxygen deficiency may well lead to loss of consciousness, and lifting an adult from a narrow shaft is more than a difficult task. The accumulation of gases in wells annually leads to the death of several people;
4. When clearing a blockage, a multi-meter column of sewage hits the opposite wall of the well with such speed and force that it is quite problematic to escape from splashes.

A typical condition of a properly functioning well.

That is why experienced Vodokanal locksmiths carry with them the simplest device in case of an accident - a pipe with a diameter of 32 - 40 mm, curved in the shape of a club. Its short side is inserted into the outlet from the side of the well, after which the wire is fed to the blockage through the pipe.

How to make a transition?

New sewer lines are usually installed in place of old ones, using the same channels and installation locations to minimize repair costs. PVC requirements are selected with approximately the same diameter as those used for repairs and therefore ease of installation, passage through walls and ceilings, if necessary

But the most important thing is to correctly make the transition of a plastic pipe and a cast-iron pipe (bend, coupling). At this time, there are several ways to connect cast iron and plastic, which are used in construction:

• Installation of a rubber gasket (coupling), which ensures the correlation of dimensions and the tightness of the connection of pipes of different diameters.
• Chasing with the help of sealing agents, including flax, cement mortar, sealants based on bitumen adhesive compositions.
• Use of sanitary silicone.
• Combination of methods.