All about the device of city sewerage

What is a pressure sewer

Pressure sewage is a system in which effluents do not move through pipes independently, but with the help of a pump. Moreover, the whole process occurs automatically, with little or no intervention from the owner.

Pressure sewerage consists of several parts

Pressurized sewerage device:

1. The most important part of the system is considered to be a sewer pneumatic water pressure installation - a pumping station. Sewage gradually accumulates in it, and when they reach a sufficient level, the pump starts to distill the drain water into settling wells. Nowadays, the whole process is fully automated and does not require human intervention.
2. In addition to the pumping station, the system includes a pipeline.Moreover, the pipes for it should be used more durable and reliable than for a gravity system. After all, there is a lot of pressure on them.

A pressure station is a system that is used if the organization of a gravity sewer is not possible. After all, this option of sewerage allows you to solve many problems.

Installation rules

When assembling, installing sewerage with an arbitrary drain of household
waste must comply with the following rules:

• The sockets must be installed against the flow of wastewater.
• To check the slope of the incoming sewer pipe, use the building level.
• The pipeline must contain a minimum number of bends.
• Slanted tees should be used at the transition sections of internal risers to the main line.
• The installation of a fan riser is welcome.
• The highway should have a minimum length.
• A tight connection is obtained by installing rubber sealing rings.
• For regular inspection of the pipeline, the installation of manholes or inspection hatches is required.

Gravity sewerage is a variant of the system that creates comfort in a private country house for living people.

Moscow Central Sewage Pumping Station

Comments: From: nordroden2016-07-08 03:17 pm (UTC) (Link) After links to other posts, the text was duplicated. From: simsun2016-07-08 03:39 pm (UTC) (Link) is it about this station? As a child, we almost didn’t climb inside, but the good guard dissuaded me :) they really didn’t let me on the tour. simsun Expand(no subject) alex_avr2 Expand From: mitia_baban2016-07-08 04:17 pm (UTC) (Link) well, why are you so with a nameplate, now wash the monitor ... =) and so - strongly ... I would like to look at the pump in a section, at the real one, this is interesting ... (no subject) mitia_baban Expand(no subject) iime Expand From: underground photo2016-07-08 04:37 pm (UTC) (Link) Interesting) Especially about the days of peak flows ... there is a tendency for people to wash before NY and September 1 From: alex_avr22016-07-08 04:52 pm (UTC) (Link) Well, the head of the sewerage department said what he calls August 31 - the day of washing children before school :) Like everyone is preparing for September 1, they come from summer cottages from vacations, etc. But only if September 1st is a working day. And on December 31st, if it is a working day, then everyone comes home in the evening and begins to be active, and then it is very difficult. And if the day is a day off, then they start in the morning and it’s already normal And the day with the lowest consumption is the day of Russia, suddenly (Parent) (Thread) (Expand)(no subject) – wazawai_n2 Expand From: simsun2016-07-08 04:41 pm (UTC) (Link) there, by the way, not all stations are on the panels, I immediately remembered offhand, far away from there: Runovskaya, I would not have known about it if not for a very strong smell nearby (no subject) - simsun Expand(no subject) alex_avr2 Expand From: der_wilde_hund2016-07-08 05:04 pm (UTC) (Link) Thanks, very interesting stuff! It would be great to see the statistics on consumption. Look for non-trivial correlations. The truth is, probably, everything is hefty secret. From: wazawai_n22016-07-09 05:46 am (UTC) (Link) “The pumps are driven by huge motors, 1.6 MW each. For comparison, this capacity is comparable to the capacity of one subway train or about 160 apartments.” Not the best comparison.The pump has an operating mode of S1 - its installed power is close to the consumed one. This is not the case with apartments and even an electric train. “The station has an impressive size switchgear (complex switchgear)” Complete. From: drink_drunk_roo2016-07-09 08:26 am (UTC) (Link) Yeah, it turns out that 10 kW goes to an apartment, but in my house, according to the standards, it’s 4 times less, so it’s already 640 apartments From: drink_drunk_roo2016-07-09 08:32 am (UTC) (Link) Great! I love posts like this. At work I met synchronous motors with a power of 10 MVA, which drive two-stage axial fans VOD-40 (sorry, I didn’t take a picture of the nameplate). Surprisingly, in size they are about the same as here in your photos 1.6 MV, although I always thought that power and size are directly related. (no subject) drink_drunk_roo Expand(no subject) alex_avr2 Expand(no subject) drink_drunk_roo Expand(no subject) dimon_w Expand(no subject) drink_drunk_roo Expand From: snarkfog2016-07-15 07:45 am (UTC) (Link) Interesting. Been to KNS, but much smaller. Here the grates are not cleaned by hand? And then at one of the stations I watched the work of a rake, who went down every half an hour and manually cleaned the gratings with a rake. Daily work, in shifts. The salary is meager, but he worked there purely for the sake of retirement, because it counts for two years, and he had a couple of years left before retirement. He says that it is not so easy to get a job as a rake, there is a real competition among people of pre-retirement age :) From: vmulder2017-09-14 05:46 pm (UTC) (Link) Just a bomb! How I love this

Building construction

The construction of a sewer collector is carried out at the stage of laying the foundation in a private house. At the same stage, a drain outlet is laid. This allows you to save money and effort. In the finished building, holes for the pipeline are punched with a perforator.

The organization of the sewer collector has several stages:

• Carrying out land works (at this stage, trenches are dug for laying the pipeline, cesspools and pits are made for storage tanks);
• Pipeline installation (bends and tees allow wiring);
• Equipment and installation of treatment facilities (cesspool, septic tank).

In order to avoid freezing of the pipeline, the sewer outlet is insulated - the boundary part between the external and internal parts of the sewer. For pipe insulation, glass wool, basalt fiber, polystyrene foam and polystyrene foam are used. In some cases, pipelines are insulated with a heating cable.

Device for cleaning wastewater from barrels

The collector can be made from barrels. The principle of its operation is identical to the functioning of treatment facilities built of reinforced concrete rings. The filtration system may have several chambers.

Barrel selection

In order to build an autonomous sewer, you can use plastic or metal barrels. They don't have to be new. It is acceptable to purchase old containers, but they must be intact.

If we compare such barrels with those made of metal, plastic ones have the following advantages:

1. You can choose containers of different volumes and sizes.
2. Plastic products last longer.They are not afraid of the aggressive environment that sewers represent.
3. Low weight for easy installation. All work can be done on your own, you do not have to hire special equipment.

Plastic barrels do not need to be treated with an anti-corrosion compound. Products are highly sealed, so you can not be afraid that the soil will be contaminated with sewage.

To prevent the plastic septic tank from being squeezed out in winter in frost or in spring during floods, the barrels are fixed to the concrete base with a cable. To prevent the plastic from cracking, you need to be careful when filling the collector with earth.

Materials and tools

To make a cleaning system, you need to purchase 2 plastic barrels of 220 liters each, geotextiles. You will need a sewer pipe and 4 sewer tees.

A pit is needed to dig a pit, and a rake is required to level the ground. In order to quickly cut products, you need a jigsaw.

Plastic barrels for a small septic tank in the country.

Features of the installation of plastic containers

Plastic barrels are placed on a concrete slab and then attached to it with cables. Holes for the ventilation riser and for the overflow pipe are made using a jigsaw.

You will need to make 2 more holes. The first is to connect the sewer. It is cut through, stepping back 20 cm from the upper boundary of the tank. The second hole is made on the opposite side, 10 cm below the inlet.

The ventilation riser is made only in the sump, in the second section it is not needed. The same tank must be equipped with a lid, this will allow you to quickly clean the bottom of the collector from accumulated waste.

In the second section, 2 holes are made, drainage pipes are connected to them.The joints must be filled with sealant, a two-component epoxy is best suited for this purpose.

Features of installing metal barrels

When installing metal barrels, the procedure is almost the same, only a welding machine is required to connect the barrels to each other. To make the product more durable, stiffeners are made. Without them, the tank can be deformed under the weight of the earth poured on top.

If the soil is heaving, barrels are anchored. To do this, they are attached with cables to a concrete base. Plastic pipes can be attached to a tank made of metal barrels. But all seams should be coated with sealant. Before filling the collector with earth, all metal parts are coated with bitumen. This will protect the tank from corrosion.

Preparatory work

After the decision and all approvals have been received, you can start laying a branch for connection in accordance with the project. The connected branch must be equipped with a water meter. This is a prerequisite. The sensor must be located in a convenient location for inspection. In addition to the laid branches, it is necessary to build on site manhole for maintenance of the branch and connection point. A shut-off valve is required in the well. If the branch has a length of more than 12 m, angles of rotation, differences in height, it is necessary to install additional wells. Pipes to the revision well should be at an angle, the inlet pipe should be located above the drain. A trench must be dug from the revision well to the connection point.

Branch slopes should be in the range from 2 to 7%, the laying depth should be at least 1.2 m.The presence of a reverse slope on the site, engineering networks of other organizations, over which a branch will have to be raised, will require the use of forced sewage. It will also be required if plumbing devices are installed in the basement of the house, the waters of which can only be removed by force.

If pipes of 100-110 mm are enough for autonomous sewage, then pipes of 150-160 mm will be needed for tie-in. A trench is dug for their laying. Its depth is greater than the depth of the branch (below the freezing line) to the height of the sand bed (10-15 cm of sand). It is advisable to take PVC pipes (red) with sockets at one end. They are stacked with sockets towards the water flow, connected using sealing rings. Hydro- and thermal insulation is used for the pipeline (the joints do not require additional insulation, since frost-resistant seals are used at the joints).

If forced sewerage is used, then the drains are brought to the manhole under pressure. From the manhole into the central sewerage system, effluents flow by gravity.

Where to start

To connect the sewerage system at home, you need to choose a connection method (separate, mixed). You can separately connect domestic and storm sewers, or choose a mixed system (if a centralized network is arranged according to the same principle).

It is also necessary to check whether the land plot lies in the zone of a water protection place, in an area with special conditions of use. Water protection zones include territories adjacent to the banks of rivers, reservoirs, lakes, seas and other water bodies.When sewerage is carried out on the land of a water-protected area, it is necessary to ensure the disinfection of wastewater with ultraviolet light.

Development of a design

How to get permission to the sewer and what needs to be done:

This work is paid, the cost of project development depends on the list and scope of work. To save money, you can order a common project together with your neighbors. It is necessary to prepare a package of documents for an enterprise that will develop technical conditions for connection, a survey of the site indicating the boundaries of the territory, a written permission from the owners of the sites through which pipelines will pass to the centralized sewer system.

Coordinate documents with the relevant sanitary and epidemiological services.

Obtaining permits is necessary in order not to pollute land, groundwater, water sources with runoff. It is necessary to obtain permission to conduct the pipeline in Vodokanal, SES, traffic police (if the pipes will pass under or over a general purpose road), organizations servicing electrical networks, gas pipelines and other utilities.

You need to find out who gives permission for sewerage at the regional branch of the public utility that performs water supply and sanitation in the area.

Sewage connection diagram

Conclude an agreement with an organization that carries out maintenance and repair of a centralized sewerage system.

The contract is between the homeowner and the utility company.To submit an agreement, the site owner submits an application, a scanned georeferenced site plan, a topographic map of the site with plotted communications (scale 1:500), information on the composition of wastewater that will be poured into the centralized sewerage system. In most cases, the contract is concluded for 18 months or another period specified in the document.

After the installation of pipelines of the drainage system, the networks are subject to washing and disinfection. The utility company that serves the central sewer network signs an act of technological connection to the system.

Varieties and device

Local sewer systems can be divided into the following categories:

1. Cesspools (storage) pits are among the simplest structures. The only positive feature of such systems is the ease of implementation. There are many more cons, among them are:

• low efficiency, this type of external sewerage is acceptable only with small amounts of wastewater, that is, in houses where several people live, and the minimum amount of plumbing equipment (toilet and washbasin) is connected. Even storm sewers connected to such a system can overload it;
• you will need to regularly contact the sewers that pump out the accumulated effluents, and the price of such services is considerable.

Below is shown how the storage pit is arranged (simplified diagram).

The device of the simplest local sewerage (storage pit)

Designations:

• A - ventilation;
• B - a cover that closes the hatch for pumping out;
• C - overlap;
• D - walls of the structure;
• E - supply of wastewater;
• F - concrete base.

A cesspool-based sewer system is not the best option for permanent residences. Its installation can be justified in a garden house or summer cottage.

1. Septic tanks, they are a structure consisting of two or more overflow wells. A simplified image of a septic tank device is shown in the figure.

The design of a two-section septic tank made of concrete rings

The simplified diagram shows:

• A - a pipe through which drains flow;
• B - manhole covers with ventilation holes;
• C - pipe for removal of clarified wastewater;
• D - overflow pipe;
• E - the first storage chamber;
• F - the second storage chamber.

The principle of wastewater treatment in a septic tank is as follows:

1. sewage flows enter the first storage chamber "E", where the heavy fractions contained in them settle to the bottom. In the process of decomposition, they form a precipitate in the form of silt;
2. when the first storage chamber is filled to a certain level, water flows through the overflow pipe "D" into the second chamber "F", where the cleaning process is repeated;
3. after filling the second storage chamber, the effluents are discharged through the pipe "C" to the drainage well or infiltrators, where they are absorbed by the soil.

Below is an example of how an autonomous external sewage system based on a septic tank is implemented.

An example of organizing external local sewerage in a private house

Designations:

• A - ventilation outlets;
• B - septic tank;
• C – filtration field;
• D - drainage pipes (it is recommended to use infiltrators, as they are more efficient).

The cost of organizing such a system will be higher than on the basis of a storage pit, but if you do the installation yourself, and do not use the services of a construction company, you can save a lot.

Note that if you buy a ready-made device (such as "Tank", "Flotenk", "Sanitek", "Sako", "Uponor" (Uponor), "Green Rock", "Los", etc.), you can simplify the task of organizing local sewage.

Ready-made septic tank, produced under the brand "Triton"

Septic tanks also need periodic cleaning, but it is done much less frequently than for storage wells and pits.

1. Biological processing stations are efficient modern systems capable of deep treatment of wastewater (in some cases by 95%). Water purified in this way can be used for irrigation, as technical water or discharged directly into a reservoir.

The design of such devices is similar to septic tanks, but in addition to the mechanical cleaning method, a biological one is used (colonies of microorganisms that decompose organic matter). Active aeration, implemented in such structures, contributes to the process.

As an example, we can cite such treatment plants as: "Leader", "Locos", "Unilos", "Bioxi", "Astra", "Bio Cube", etc.

Photo of treatment plants for local sewage "Topas" (right) and "Deka" (Deka)

The only drawback of such devices is the high cost.

What does the sewerage scheme of a multi-storey building look like?

As a rule, the sewerage scheme in a multi-storey building involves several drain risers. Such risers are large diameter pipes that run from the first floor to the last. Drain pipes from each apartment on the floor are connected to this pipe.

Thus, the answer to the question of how the sewage system is arranged in a multi-storey building is very simple. It is a trunk of the main pipe with branches to each apartment.

That is why in most apartments the kitchen is located in an adjacent room with a bathroom and toilet. Due to this, distance savings and simplicity of the sewage disposal system itself are ensured. After all, there will be no need for a long intra-apartment network.

Often, the wiring originates in the kitchen, then passes through the bathroom and already there it connects to the common riser of the entire entrance. At the same time, the sewer line in the apartment, one way or another, has several branch bends. For better passage of drains, the line is mounted with a slight and uniform slope. Thus, wastewater will pass to the riser on its own and will not accumulate at the corners.

This is important, since the sewerage device in a multi-storey building must ensure that there are no blockages. The fact is that sewerage contains many different kinds of inclusions.

These can be fragments of organic or inorganic objects, hair, and so on. These elements can accumulate in the places of turns and form blockages.

Design of treatment facilities

Treatment
structures (OS) is the end point where sewage of any type flows. It could be
a large urban system, or an autonomous complex of a private house, but itself
waste management principle
always the same.

Design
The OS is a system of containers and reservoirs, where it gets sewer water for
cleaning from organics and chemical impurities. Containers, or tanks, are connected to each other.
other overflow or forced pumping systems. In each of them
a certain treatment of wastewater is carried out, after which the clarified water goes into another
tank for the next stage of cleaning.

Apart from
there are production complexes in urban wastewater treatment plants in which wastewater is treated
from industrial sewerage, as well as from the industrial site storm system. They are
are created to reduce the load on the main systems. The working principle of these
treatment facilities is no different from urban complexes, the difference is only in
coverage of a certain territory and the number of connected plumbing
appliances. OS of large chemical enterprises can use additional
reagents for neutralizing solutions or binding suspensions present in
drains of storm and industrial systems.

Determine the location of the blockage

A clogged sewer is not a problem, you just need to decide on the root cause. As a rule, these are errors during installation work in the house or an uncharacteristic slope of pipes, the appearance of a large amount of corrosion or icing and, as a result, a decrease in the effective diameter of pipes in winter. A harbinger of impending danger is a rather unpleasant smell that appears from communications. Therefore, if you feel an unpleasant odor, you should try to take all possible measures.

If the sewer is clogged, what should I do? It is necessary to try as early as possible to find out the scale and the cause that caused the blockage. The blockage usually occurs in the house, local communications, but sometimes there is a blockage of external pipes. To clean it, you need to disconnect the sewer communications pipe, which is included in a private house or apartment, for which you should do the following simple operations:

• We substitute any free container (basin or bucket) under the pipe;
• We disconnect the pipe with a special key, that is, you need to pull the inner pipe out of the outer sewer pipe. If there is a threaded connection, then first we knock out the seal;
• We collect all the garbage and the resulting sewage in a separate container;
• We open the mixer to supply water in the right place and visually observe whether water will flow from there or not;
• If the water does not pass, or the water pressure is much less than expected, then turn off the water and look for clogging locally. If there are no problems in this place, then it is necessary to look for clogging in external communications.

Construction of a sewer system

sewerage,
usually carried out during the construction of the building. If this
multi-storey and apartment building, then it is necessary to arrange a trench for laying the line,
connecting the common pipe of the house with the main line of the centralized system. These works
produced by specialized organizations in an official manner.

Creation
own (standalone) system puts all the worries on the shoulders of the homeowner.
Serious preparatory work will be required, including various stages:

• definition
  groundwater depths;
• obtaining permission to discharge clarified wastewater
  (if you plan to bring them into the pond);
• calculations, purchase of materials;
• appointment
  installation points for a collector, seepage well or field.

The main part of the practical
construction - earthworks. They consist of digging trenches, recesses
under the tanks and a pit for the filtration field (if necessary). Then produce
laying and connecting pipes, trying to provide the necessary slope. Install
container for a septic tank connected to pipelines. Lowering concrete rings into
filtration well and fall asleep sinuses.

The scope of work may be more numerous if a ready-made septic tank or a biological treatment plant is purchased. In such cases, specialists with the necessary experience and skills are usually involved. Installing and running a sewer is a rather complex task that requires a professional approach and does not allow mistakes or unskilled work.

All useful information about sewerage

Who should repair the sewers in an apartment building?

You can find out who is responsible for the sewerage in an apartment building at the HOA (homeowners association). As a rule, an appropriate management company is engaged in the management of an apartment building.

Her responsibilities include the following:

• Maintenance of engineering networks, including sewerage systems.
• Repair of this system, and, if necessary, and replacement of its individual elements.
• Repair and maintenance of storm sewers.

Thus, blockage of the sewer in an apartment building, if it concerns a common riser, is the responsibility of the management company. And the elimination of intra-apartment blockages applies only to apartment owners.

At the same time, it is necessary to know that the common property of the water disposal and sewerage system is the common property of the owners of the apartments in the house. On the basis of a management agreement, this property is transferred to the management of the company.

This agreement clearly defines the areas of responsibility of the management company.But since all homeowners regularly pay for the services of such a company, the sewerage repair in an apartment building should be carried out precisely at its expense and in a short time.

If the general house sewerage system in an apartment building is so dilapidated that its repair seems impractical, then the system must be completely replaced.

Such a large-scale renovation is inevitably accompanied by fees from all tenants. After all, the sewer system is their common property. But the installation work will be carried out by the management company. It is not uncommon for such companies to enter into contracts for the performance of such work with third-party companies. The main thing in such situations is to ensure proper control by the tenants over the expenditure of the MC (management company) of the collected funds.

The company is required to regularly report to residents on the expenditure of these funds and on the cost of repairs.

If there are reasonable suspicions of abuse by the Criminal Code, then it is necessary to contact law enforcement agencies. They will check and find out whether the theft of the collected funds took place, or whether the work was done honestly.