Temperature norm of batteries in centralized heating

Ways to heat your home during the off-season

Fan heaters allow you to quickly heat even a large area, and at the same time they consume a small amount of electricity. Since they do not take up much space, they are convenient to store when they are not needed, even in a small apartment.However, it should be borne in mind that their use worsens air quality - due to the oxidation of the spiral material and the burning of dust, the oxygen content decreases (read more: "").

At the same time, it cannot be said that the temperature at the beginning of the heating season is a priority factor. Nevertheless, the time of the year plays a big role - even if it is still warm in November, the heating will still be turned on.

Heating season schedule on video:

In a period when the harsh winter frosts are replaced by spring warmth, you can see more and more windows open for ventilation in residential buildings. The existing contrast between the temperatures in the apartments and on the street is such that a feeling of absolute closeness is created. This is especially true for those houses that have been built over the past 50 years. Such intense heating during this period significantly affects the amount of receipts for a communal apartment. Taking into account the fact that in recent years housing and communal services tariffs have shown a constant and steady growth (especially in Russian cities with a population of one million), and now the amount of payments is gradually exceeding reasonable limits, I want a clear understanding of when the heating systems will be turned off (especially in the case of when there is no real need for it).

According to the legislation in force in Russia, the beginning and end of the heating season has clear deadlines. However, no one is in a hurry to inform citizens about exactly when they will turn on / off the heat in their homes.

Every time the townspeople are at a loss when the batteries will become warm (at the end of autumn), and when the batteries will be turned off (in the spring). At the same time, it is impossible to independently predict when the heating will be turned on and off this year (the human factor plays an important role here).

To simplify the life of citizens, it will be enough to acquaint them with the relevant legislative acts, as well as with the statistics of past periods. This will help clarify the issue of when to wait for the end of the heating season and turning off the heating in 2019.

If the house is equipped with an autonomous heating system, then the tenants themselves (the owners of the premises) decide when to start and end the heating season. The only thing that can be negative here is the likely increase in electricity consumption, which will naturally entail additional costs. In this case, subscribers decide for themselves what is more important - to warm up or save on payments.

To date, there is already a corresponding resolution to turn off heating in 2019. So, heating will be turned off on the following dates using the example of large cities:

• April 26, 2019 - in Moscow;
• 04/24/2019 - in the Moscow region;
• April 27, 2019 - in Yaroslavl;
• April 28, 2019 - in Tula;
• 04/29/2019 - in Tver;
• 05/03/2019 - in Novokuznetsk.

Arbitrage practice

Judgments were often taken in favor of the applicant. For example, consider the case of a lawsuit from a resident of the Perm Territory. She sued the Criminal Code for one hundred and thirty-six thousand rubles.

It all started when a homeowner filed a lawsuit on the grounds that the temperature in her apartment did not exceed 15°C during two winter periods. The rules require that it be maintained at a level of at least 18 ° C in residential premises (20 ° C - in the corner).

Representatives of the Criminal Code repeatedly carried out measurements confirming the correctness of the plaintiff. Among other things, the woman fell ill and landed in a medical facility.

The Criminal Code, after numerous complaints, did not take proper measures and did not make a recalculation, which prompted the victim to resort to the help of the court.

During the proceedings, the Criminal Code tried to prove that they did not have an agreement with the plaintiff for the provision of heat supply services to her. However, the city court ruled in favor of the owner of the housing, since it was the company that was responsible for transferring funds to resource-supplying organizations, which was confirmed by the collective agreement of the owners for the management of the house and the management company, as well as an agreement with the territorial department of housing and communal services.

After examining all the materials, the court ruled that the Criminal Code should make a recalculation for the heat supplied to the citizen by 77 thousand rubles, pay 38.5 thousand rubles as a fine and 20 thousand rubles as moral damage.

Model Questions

The main questions that apartment owners ask in the event of a sudden shutdown of the central heating supply are as follows:

• who to contact to resolve the problem;
• how to speed up the resolution of the issue;
• how not to pay for lost heat.

Some common issues are fixed more quickly. In particular, contacting a resource supplying organization will help to resolve the issue with a cold battery in one room, and what to do in this case. But if the radiator is equipped with a tap, then it is often enough to bleed the air to restore heat supply.

To whom to complain if the apartment has cold batteries

Having found cold batteries in the apartment in winter, you need to contact the management company and leave a request to eliminate this problem. In some cases, the participation of the resource supplying organization will be required.

If the responsible legal entity does not comply with the legal requirements of the owners, then the latter have the right to apply with a corresponding application to the housing inspectorate, the prosecutor's office and the Consumer Rights Protection Society.

How not to pay for heating if the batteries are cold

After a call to the management company with a statement about the lack of heating, an employee of the Criminal Code arrives at the apartment for a control measurement. If the latter is absent, then the owner has the right to carry out the procedure.

After drawing up the act, the owner must resolve the issue with the relevant organizations (resource supply or manager). If heating is not restored within a month, the owner of the apartment can apply to Rospotrebnadzor, the housing inspectorate or the court to recalculate payments for poor-quality utilities.

What to do if the battery is cold and the riser is hot

In situations where the battery is cold and the riser is hot, it is necessary to determine the causes of such a problem. This leads to:

• faulty radiator valves;
• insufficient volume of coolant flowing through the pipes;
• malfunction (overlap) of the valves going through the riser.

In addition, it is possible that such a problem occurs due to airing the system. Having found out the cause of the malfunction, you can restore the coolant supply to the battery.

Why is the battery at the bottom cold

Radiators heat up unevenly. Therefore, the bottom of the battery is colder than the top. It can also cause:

• improper connection of the radiator to the heating system;
• low circulation rate of the coolant inside the battery due to the narrowed section of the pipes or insufficient pump power;
• the presence of third-party elements in the heating pipes.

To solve this problem, it is recommended to check the condition of the valves and the radiator, the correct connection of the pipes.

Why are the batteries hot in the entrance, and cold in the apartment?

This problem is mainly due to air in the pipes. To restore heat supply, you need to drain the water through the riser.

Temperature regime in the heating system of an apartment building

The heating season begins when the average daily temperature for the last five days reaches 8°C. Then water is supplied to the heating network at a temperature of 70 ° C.

With further cooling, boiler rooms can increase the supply temperature to 115°C. Large thermal power plants (combined heat and power plants) have the ability to supply water up to 150°C.

As you know, the boiling point of water is 100 ° C, but due to high pressure, the boiling point rises.

Before getting directly to the apartments, the water enters the central heating point, which is located in the basement of a multi-storey building. There it cools down to an acceptable norm. From the radiators, the water is sent back to heat up and return to the apartment again.

What should be the temperature norm in the heating riser and radiators

The optimal scheme for supplying water to heat carriers directly depends on the temperature outside the window. For example: when it is -4 ° C outside, with a calculated difference of 105 ° C - 70 ° C and flow according to the “bottom-up” scheme, the water temperature for the supply to the battery should be 76 ° C and 54 ° C for the return. Under the same conditions, but at 0°C outside the supply window, heating is carried out to 65°C, and the return is 48°C.

For a two-pipe heating system, the maximum allowable temperature is 95°C. For single-pipe structures 115°С.You can determine the system by the number of pipes suitable for the battery. As a rule, single-pipe structures are installed in old houses, but two-pipe structures are much more economical.

How to measure the temperature of the coolant

There are several options for measuring the temperature in the battery at home:

• If there is a heat meter, check the readings.
• Measure with an infrared thermometer.

Photo 1. The process of measuring the temperature in the battery using an infrared thermometer. The device gives very accurate readings.

• If you have an alcohol-based thermometer, wrap it in heat-insulating material and secure it to the battery. You can also use a mercury thermometer, but then the error will be higher.
• If there is a tap, carefully drain some water and measure in any way possible.

Attention! If the temperature in the batteries is above the permissible norm, then it is necessary to write a statement to the service company. After that, a special commission, in the presence of the tenant, will conduct a control measurement with a certified device

Otherwise, your battery is at risk of failing.

Standards for heat consumption in winter in apartments

Temperature standards are set by SNiPs (a set of building codes and regulations) and are protected by law, so their violations are administratively punishable for utilities. List of basic norms:

• The minimum temperature for corner rooms is 20°C, if the average daily temperature for the last 5 days reaches -31°C, the norm is 22°C.
• For residential premises 18°C, and 20°C in severe frosts (similar to 5 days at -31°C).
• For the kitchen 18°C.
• For the studio kitchen 20°С.
• For toilet 18°C.
• For the bathroom 25°C.
• With a combined bathroom 25 ° C.
• For vestibule, pantry, landing 15°С.
• For the attic and basement 4°C.
• For an elevator 5°C.

Reference. In Khabarovsk, Magadan and other cold regions, the temperature standards for residential premises are 2°C higher.

Boiler water temperature

Individual heating avoids many of the troubles that could occur with central heating.

Depending on the outdoor situation, the normal temperature can range from 30°C to 90°C. As a rule, boilers have a limiter that prohibits heating above 90 degrees.

If your boiler does not have a limiter, heating above 90 ° C is not recommended for several reasons:

• This is prohibited by sanitary standards, at this temperature dust and paint coatings begin to decompose.
• Polymer lines are designed for water with a temperature of not more than 85 ° C. In case of non-compliance with the operating rules, deformation and, as a result, leakage are possible.
• Working at the maximum allowable temperatures will lead to rapid wear of batteries and pipes.

Preparation of housing stock for the heating season 2017-2018

Comprehensive preparation of housing and communal services facilities for seasonal operation is regulated by the regulatory requirements for people living in the autumn-winter period.

• elimination of cracks and holes in the outer walls, plinth, attic ceilings, roof and places of their joining with each other, windows or doors;
• restoration of plaster coating, roofing, etc.;
• putting in order the technical premises;
• checking the integrity of window and door fillings, closers and porches;
• carrying out trial furnaces of central heating and stoves;
• ensuring the removal of atmospheric and melt water from the descents to the basement, window pits;
• checking the quality of waterproofing of foundations, basement walls and basement;
• checking the operability of heating furnaces and installations with gas heaters, chimneys, gas ducts, internal systems of heat, water and electricity.

Based on these recommendations, as well as shortcomings identified as a result of the spring inspection of the MKD and its engineering systems, the management company or the HOA develops an action plan for preparing for the heating season and approves it with local governments.

The management company's preparation plan for the heating season, in addition to technical work, includes a number of organizational measures:

• retraining and advanced training of employees who ensure the operation and emergency repair of boiler houses, heating points, engineering systems;
• instructing emergency service workers, maintenance workers, janitors;
• carrying out technical inspection and maintenance of vehicles, means of communication, equipment, tools, cleaning equipment, inventory;
• preparation or restoration of schemes of intra-house engineering systems;
• conducting an audit of thermal units, operability of metering devices (with replacement, if necessary), certification of the integrity of the seals.

In addition, when preparing for the heating season, management companies and HOAs must take into account other requirements of Rules 103:

• the degree of readiness of heat-consuming installations for operation and their provision of the mode of consumption of thermal energy specified in the resource supply contract;
• absence of debts for supplied thermal energy, coolant;

The main problem in preparation for the heating season is the highest level of consumer debt for supplied energy resources. Debt in the housing and communal services sector is more than one trillion rubles, of which 800 billion are debts of management companies to resource supply organizations.

Mikhail Men, Minister of Construction and Housing and Public Utilities of the Russian Federation

In accordance with the Rules for the maintenance of common property in an apartment building (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 2006 No. 491), the responsibility for preparing in-house engineering systems for seasonal operation is assigned to the owners of residential premises of an apartment building (in the case of direct management) or HOA and managers companies. Events are funded by the owners.

Law on "alternative boiler house"

As for preparations for the 2017-2018 heating season of the heating network, control over it will be entrusted to new structures - unified heat supply organizations (ETO).

On July 31, 2017, President Putin signed the federal law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Heat Supply” and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on Improving the System of Relations in the Sphere of Heat Supply.”

The document, which received the popular name “Law on the “alternative boiler house”, changed the system of regulation of heat tariffs. The new model provides for the establishment of a price limit for the coolant, which is called the “alternative boiler house”. This is a calculated figure. It corresponds to the cost of one gigacalorie of thermal energy if consumers want to build their own (alternative) boiler house.

In addition to ensuring the uninterrupted process of heat delivery from the producer to the consumer, ETOs will be responsible for the entire range of measures for the construction, reconstruction, modernization of heat supply facilities, as well as for their preparation for seasonal operation.

However, the maintenance of intra-house networks, the installation of heat meters and the preparation of the heating unit for the heating season will remain the responsibility of management companies and HOAs.

What to do if the apartment is too cold

The beginning of the heating season in apartment buildings occurs when the outside air temperature drops below +8°C. Utilities compare average daily temperatures over five days. Apartments must be heated. The law allows minor interruptions in heating for 24 hours, while a one-time shutdown of heating cannot exceed 16 hours if the air temperature in residential premises is from 12 to 22 degrees.

If the apartment is too cold or hot, tenants have the right to file a written complaint and send it to the emergency dispatch service. The document is assigned a registration number. Further, utilities are required to inspect the premises and draw up an act on the basis of which it is possible to recalculate utility bills. If technical supervisors reveal gross violations, utilities are obliged to correct the situation within 2-7 days, otherwise, utility bills are recalculated per apartment according to the footage of apartments.

In our apartments, the microclimate is formed by several factors, and room temperature is the most significant part of it. The temperature comfort of households is individual, depending on their gender and age.However, the difference in heat needs among members of the same family is small and amounts to 2-3 ° C, allowed by SanPiN standards.

We will tell you how to determine the optimal temperature, how excessive cooling or overheating affects people's well-being. In addition, we will designate the parameters of a comfortable microclimate, as well as provide effective ways to maintain a normal temperature in the room.

The temperature regimes that ensure the comfort of households depend on the climatic location of the housing. In the southern regions and in the northern areas, as well as in the western and eastern latitudes, the norm of house temperature will be different.

As for the countries, their climate is also not the same. And since the climate components, in addition to temperature, are atmospheric pressure together with air humidity, the acceptable thermal range is set by them together.

It is not difficult to control the temperature regimes of the "warm floor" heating complex. Liquid systems are equipped with a thermostatic valve or an automatic pump-mixing group, equally capable of controlling the temperature of the coolant circulating through the circuit built into the floor.

In infrared and temperature control is carried out by digital, programmable or electromechanical thermostats. By constantly checking temperature changes against preset thresholds, they turn the system off or on.

Classic apartment heating systems, based on the circulation of hot water through pipes to radiators, also allow temperature control.

It will be necessary to equip the pipe at the coolant inlet to the radiator with an automatic (thermostat) that controls the intensity of hot water supply according to a given parameter.

Note that it is easier to complete the circulation-radiator heating system with battery thermostats in its two-pipe design

The need to establish and maintain optimal temperature regimes in living rooms is important, since the microclimate of an apartment significantly affects the health of households.

Temperature imbalance exacerbates chronic diseases and promotes the acquisition of new ones, and the normalization of the atmosphere by temperature, on the contrary, will strengthen the body.

Share with readers your personal observations regarding the parameters of a comfortable temperature at home. Tell us about ways to normalize the temperature regime. Please leave comments on the article, ask questions and participate in discussions. The contact form is located below.

Requirements for heating networks

With district heating, the source of heat is a boiler house or a CHP plant, where high-temperature hot water boilers are installed (steam boilers at CHP plants). The fuel is usually natural gas, other energy carriers are used to a lesser extent. The temperature of the heat carrier at the outlet of the hot water boiler is 115 °C, but the water does not boil under pressure. The need for heating up to 115 ° C is explained by the fact that boiler plants in this mode operate with maximum efficiency.

The transition from 115 ° C to the required temperature value is provided by plate or shell-and-tube heat exchangers.At CHP plants, heat exchangers receive exhaust steam from turbines to produce electricity. According to regulatory requirements, the water temperature in the heating pipes should not exceed 105 ° C, the lower limit depends on outdoor conditions. In this range, the heating of water in the heating network is regulated depending on the weather, for which each boiler room has a temperature graph of the heating system. For home networks, 2 calculation schedules are used:

• 105/70 °С;
• 95/70 °C.

These figures show the maximum temperature of the supply and return water during the most severe frosts in a particular area. But at the beginning and at the end of the heating season, when the weather is still not too cold, it makes no sense to heat the coolant to 105 ° C, therefore, a real temperature heating schedule is drawn up, which describes how much water should be heated at different outdoor temperatures. The dependence of heating on weather conditions is shown in the table, which contains excerpts from the schedule for Ufa:

Temperature, °C
outdoor air average daily	on the supply with the estimated schedule 105/70	on the supply with the estimated schedule 95/70	in the return line
+8	43	41	36
56	52	43
-5	64	59	48
-10	71	65	52
-15	78	72	56
-20	85	78	59
-25	92	84	63
-30	99	89	67
-35	105	95	70

It is quite difficult to find out exactly what the temperature of the coolant in a centralized heating network is. To do this, you need to have a remote thermometer that determines the degree of heating of the surface. So to determine how the heating standards in the apartment are observed, it is possible only by the air temperature in the rooms.

The effect of temperature on the characteristics of the coolant

In addition to the factors listed above, the temperature of the water in the heat supply pipes affects its characteristics. This is the basis of the method of functioning of gravitational heating systems.With an increase in the heating value of the water, it expands and circulation appears.

Heat transfer fluids for the heating system

But when using antifreezes, exceeding the normal temperature in the radiators can lead to other results. Therefore, for heat supply with a heat carrier that differs from water, it is necessary to first determine the permissible values ​​​​of its heating. This does not apply to the temperature of central heating radiators in the apartment, since such devices do not use antifreeze-based liquids.

Antifreeze is used if there is a risk of exposure to low temperatures on radiators. Unlike water, it does not change from a liquid state to a crystalline state at a value of 0 degrees. But if the work of heat supply goes beyond the norms of the temperature table for heating upwards, the following phenomena may be observed:

1. foaming. This contributes to an increase in the volume of the coolant and the level of pressure. There will be no reverse process when the antifreeze cools;
2. appearance of limescale. The composition of antifreeze contains mineral components. If the heating temperature in the apartment is violated, they precipitate. Over time, this leads to clogging of pipes and radiators;
3. increase in density. Malfunctions in the operation of the circulation pump may occur if its rated power was not intended for the occurrence of such situations.

We recommend: Which radiators are best suited for autonomous heating?

Therefore, it is much easier to monitor the temperature of the water in the heating system of a private house than to control the level of antifreeze heating.Moreover, substances based on ethylene glycol emit a gas harmful to humans when evaporated.

Today, they are almost never used as a heat carrier in autonomous heat supply systems. Before using antifreeze in heating, it is necessary to replace all rubber seals with paranitic ones. This is due to the high level of permeability of this type of coolant.

Options for normalizing the temperature regime of heating

The minimum indicators of water temperature in the heating system are not considered the main threat to its operation. This affects the microclimate in living rooms, but does not affect the operation of heat supply. If the water heating rate is exceeded, emergency situations may occur.

Safety group for autonomous heating

When creating a heating scheme, it is necessary to provide a list of measures aimed at preventing a critical increase in water temperature. First of all, this will lead to an increase in pressure and stress on the inside of pipes and radiators. If this happened once and lasted a short time, then the heat supply parts will not be affected.

But such cases appear under the constant influence of specific factors. Most often, this is the incorrect operation of a solid fuel boiler. In order to avoid breakdowns, it is necessary to modernize the heating in this way:

• installation of a security group. It consists of an air vent, a bleed valve and a pressure gauge. If the water temperature reaches a critical level, these parts will eliminate the excess coolant, thereby ensuring the normal circulation of the liquid for its natural cooling;
• mixing unit. It connects the return and supply pipes. Additionally, a two-way valve with a servo drive is mounted.The latter is connected to a temperature sensor. If the heating level indicator exceeds the norm, the valve will open and a mixture of hot and cooled water flows will occur;
• electronic heating control unit. It distributes the temperature of the water in different parts of the system. In case of violation of the thermal regime, it sends a corresponding signal to the boiler processor to reduce power.

These measures will prevent the heating from malfunctioning even at the initial stage of the problem. The most difficult to control the value of the water temperature in systems with a solid fuel boiler

Therefore, for them, special attention must be paid to the choice of indicators of the safety group and the mixing unit