Schemes for the arrangement of ventilation systems in an apartment building

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During operation, any ventilation system inevitably becomes clogged. Dust from the street, grease particles from the kitchen, construction waste, etc. can get into it. The ventilation grill in the apartment can also become clogged.

It is easy to check the draft level in the ventilation duct shaft. It is enough to bring the flame of a lit match or lighter closer to the grate.

When everything is in order with the draft, the fire will begin to tremble and noticeably rush towards the mine. If this does not happen, remove the grid and repeat the test again.

If again the flame remains motionless, the shaft needs to be cleaned.

It is important! Fire must be handled with care - an open flame can melt plastic grating and even ignite dust accumulations in a heavily clogged mine. An alternative way to determine clogging is to apply a thin sheet of paper or tissue to the vent. Properly functioning ventilation should keep the sheet in place without any problems.

Properly functioning ventilation should keep the sheet in place without problems.

Sometimes the flame completely deviates in the other direction, signaling the presence of reverse thrust - an unpleasant phenomenon that contributes to the penetration into the apartment of not the most healthy air and not the most pleasant smells from the ventilation shaft. This can be avoided by installing gratings with a check valve that allows air flow in only one direction.

Complete and effective cleaning of ventilation shafts in multi-storey buildings is carried out only by professional organizations with special equipment: pneumatic ruffs with weights, special weights, video equipment, and other devices. A similar procedure is recommended to be carried out at least once every 3-5 years. In addition to mechanical cleaning, disinfection is performed.

It is almost impossible to clean the ventilation shaft on your own. All that can be done from the apartment is to clean the channel up and down at arm's length.

Selection criteria, types and elements of ventilation in an apartment building

The presence of certain elements will directly depend only on the type of system. But, regardless of the option chosen, it will contain the following mandatory components:

• air channels;
• ventilation shaft;

Regardless of the type, it will be necessarily a supply and exhaust. Accordingly, it is necessary to ensure not only the hood, but also the arrival in the same volume.

Depending on the type of thrust initiation, such systems are usually divided into:

• natural - draft appears due to the difference in temperature and pressure in the street and in the room;
• combined - exhaust or injection is carried out electromechanically;
• forced - draft and injection occurs with the help of special fans and other devices.

If natural ventilation of residential buildings is used in a multi-storey building, the presence of a ventilation shaft is mandatory.

Scheme of a typical house ventilation shaft

The requirements for its arrangement are simple and the same for all buildings:

• tightness;
• throughput corresponds to the design volume;
• compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards;
• fire safety.

Also, depending on the air exchange scheme, the system can be with mixing or with displacement. The first method is typical for impenetrable walls with vapor barrier. The inflow goes through the ventilation holes and various slots. Due to the relatively high initial speed, outdoor fresh air is mixed with polluted air. With improper organization of flows, it will be difficult to extract air polluted with impurities in this way.

To select the type of ventilation, all factors must be taken into account, such as:

• number of floors;
• location relative to other structures;
• the level of external noise;
• environmental pollution.

For houses with an intra-quarter location and noise up to 51 dBA, it is recommended to install natural ventilation.If the building is located in a particularly polluted area, or the noise level is more than 51 dBA, it is necessary to use an air supply system and it is desirable to carry out filtration.

System diagrams

It is very good when ventilation is arranged in a panel house with individual exhaust ducts. That is, a separate shaft leads to the roof from the kitchen, toilet and bathroom on each floor.

Then there is no overflow of smells from neighbors, the draft is more stable and not prone to tipping over. Another option - vertical channels from all apartments are collected in one horizontal collector located in the attic, and from it the air enters the street.

The figure below shows different ways how a panel house ventilation scheme can be organized:

The most unfortunate method is shown in option “b”, where a small channel comes out of each apartment - a satellite that enters higher into a common vertical shaft. This method allows you to save the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200brooms and is cheap to implement, but during operation it creates a lot of problems for people living in the house.

The most common of these is the flow of odors from apartment to apartment. A similar ventilation device is shown more clearly in the picture:

Methods "c" and "d" are found in panel houses with a small number of storeys, having an attic. They also cannot be called perfect, since in the first case the collector creates additional resistance to traction, and in the second, all the smells from the apartments are collected in the attic.

Expert opinion
Makarov Igor Tarasovich
Legal advisor with 8 years of experience. Specialization - criminal law. Extensive experience in document review.

Therefore, the best options are modern ventilation schemes with mechanical supply and removal of air.These are used in new homes, an example is illustrated below:

There is a supply unit located in the basement and supplying purified and heated (or cooled) air to all rooms. An exhaust fan of the same capacity is located on the roof of the building, which regularly removes the polluted air mixture from the apartments.

This is the simplest scheme; ventilation in a multi-storey building can also be arranged using energy-saving equipment - recuperators. Their task is to take heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation schemes for residential buildings

Depending on the construction plans, ventilation can have a completely different design. In this section, we will try to figure out how ventilation is arranged in a panel house on the diagrams and talk about the degree of effectiveness of one or another type of its implementation.

In this case, the ventilation shafts are not interconnected, the draft inside the pipe improves, and polluted air from neighboring apartments does not enter the house. Another variation of such a ventilation scheme in Khrushchev is that from each apartment, separate channels lead to the roof, where they are connected into a single pipe that brings air masses to the street.

Unfortunately, quite often the simplest, but inefficient method of ventilation is used, in which air from all apartments enters a single large shaft - just like ventilation is arranged in Khrushchev. This allows you to save space and costs during the construction of the building, but it has a lot of unpleasant consequences:

• the intake of dust and unpleasant odors from other apartments - residents of the upper floors are especially susceptible to this, where the air rises naturally;
• rapid contamination of the common ventilation pipe;
• lack of sound insulation.

There are several other ways to remove air through ventilation shafts - with horizontal channels in the attic and the outlet of the pipe to the attic without a chimney. In the first case, horizontal air ducts reduce air draft, and in the second case, the attic is polluted due to the lack of outlet to the street. The ventilation scheme in Khrushchev and other Soviet-style buildings, although budgetary, is inconvenient for residents.

Schematic diagrams of some natural ventilation systems of residential buildings: (a) - without prefabricated ducts; (b) - with vertical collection channels; (c) - with horizontal collection channels in the attic; (d) - with a warm attic

Fortunately, there is a modern ventilation system that automatically draws and supplies air. Its design includes a fan that pumps air into the mine. It is usually located in the basement of the building. On the roof of the house there is an exhaust ventilation of the same power, which with force removes polluted air masses from the duct. This is the simplest ventilation scheme in an apartment building. It can also be arranged with the use of energy-saving equipment - recuperators. The task of the heat exchanger is to take heat (or cold) from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air.

Ventilation shafts, as a rule, come from the basement of a multi-storey building, additionally providing its protection from dampness and fumes. Basement ventilation is provided by natural draft, and in modern houses air supply units are also installed here.To remove raw air from the basement, common ventilation shafts are used, which exit through openings on each floor and in each apartment.

Airing the basement, the place where the natural ventilation system begins, is one of the main conditions for its proper operation. To do this, holes are made in the basement walls through which fresh air enters the basement. It not only reduces humidity at the base of the house, but also creates traction in the common house mine.

The shape of the holes can be simple - round or square. They must be located at a sufficient distance above the ground so that water and dirt from the street do not get inside. The optimal distance from the ground is not less than 20 cm. The holes should be placed evenly around the perimeter of the basement, if there are several rooms in it, it is necessary to organize several air ducts in each. The vents must not be closed, otherwise the whole principle of the ventilation of an apartment building will be violated. From penetration into the basement of animals, the holes are covered with a metal mesh.

Problems and Solutions

The problems of Khrushchev ventilation systems are typical for all apartment buildings with a natural ventilation method:

1. Reverse draft: pressure inside is lower than outside. It is eliminated by installing additional supply fans or a micro-ventilation system for plastic windows.
2. Problems with clogged exhaust vents. There are two solutions: clean it yourself or contact a specialized organization.

Dirty ventilation ductSometimes the draft from the bathroom disappears when the tenants close up the ventilation window between the rooms or install a plastic structure without a transom, but this is strictly prohibited.Knowledge of how ventilation is arranged helps not to make such mistakes.

1. Low draft intensity: ventilation duct on the roof of insufficient height. It is solved in a “folk” way: by installing a plastic pipe with a diameter of 100-200 mm, to a height of 2,500-3,000 mm above the roof.

When you have to change the natural system to forced

Ventilation in the apartment in the panel the house upon occupancy is natural: fresh air enters the room through the window and doorways, and is taken out to the street using the main shaft. An exception is the ventilation of the upper floors. And it happens that she can not cope with air purification. Then additional fans are installed. Ventilation in a 9-storey panel house on the top floor is carried out with the help of individual shafts, without connection to the main channel.

Modern buildings "do not breathe", which means that the ventilation scheme in a particular apartment needs to be reviewed

Who should clean the ventilation ducts in multi-storey buildings

Ventilation is the same general building system as plumbing, electricity, gas pipelines, elevators, etc. Cleaning is carried out by the management company or homeowners association in an apartment building.

Owners seek services from other organizations responsible for managing the farm. Air ducts are cleaned regularly - according to a plan or based on the request of the residents.

Professionals take into account the size and materials from which the channels are created. Equipment for cleaning ventilation differs in power and configuration.

Cleaning methods:

1. Mechanical, with the use of vacuum cleaners and brush devices.
2. Chemical, in which chemical reagents are sprayed into the air ducts.
3. Dry ice is used for cryogenic cleaning of ventilation in an apartment building.

Tools and consumables:

1. Brushes for mechanical cleaning.
2. Flexible rope 6 m long.
3. Ruffs with metal brushes.
4. Brush machine.
5. Vacuum cleaner with flexible hose.
6. Steam generator and spray device.
7. A set of tools for cleaning grease.

Old houses and overgrown ventilation ducts do not always allow simple mechanical cleaning to fix the problem.

A digital video inspection device is used.

Payment for cleaning work

The cost of cleaning is affected by the complex of work carried out and other factors:

1. Access to ventilation ducts.
2. The amount of dirt.

The base price is calculated for 1 sq. m. mine.

Price:

1. Visual check - 5000 rubles.
2. Mechanical cleaning from dirt - 170 rubles.
3. Surface cleaning from grease - 750 rubles.
4. Microbiological examination of samples - 1500 rubles. for 1 wash.
5. Disinfection - 50 rubles.

Sample letter for ventilation cleaning

This is a statement about a violation of the norms for the provision of public services to the population. The "header" of the document indicates the name of the head of the organization providing services for cleaning the exhaust duct, and the applicant's data. According to the rules, the management company must keep ventilation and chimneys in good condition.

The text of the application contains the address and a message stating that the organization does not comply with the provisions of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation and does not provide utility services in full. Information is being clarified that the exhaust duct does not work in the apartment.

Installing a fan in the bathroom and toilet

The ventilation device in the panel house also provides for the installation of an additional fan in the bathroom and toilet. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure its inflow through the door slots, and the amount of removed and incoming air should be the same.

According to sanitary standards, air exchange in the bathroom and toilet should occur at least 8 times / hour, that is, the air in one hour should change in the room completely eight times. When choosing a bathroom fan, you should be guided by:

• equipment power;
• the presence of noise coming from the device.
• design and colors.
• the presence of additional functions.

The order of operation of ventilation on the example of a typical project

The most common panel project is a nine-story building. The principle of operation of the hood is the same for them.

Air from the street, through windows and cracks, enters the apartment. Extraction occurs through satellite ventilation ducts in the kitchen or bathroom.

One, less often several channels from the hood are brought to the main pipe. These channels are connected to the main shaft through two floors.

These shafts are quite bulky and take up a lot of space. Such a system, most likely, will be equipped with a large-panel house.

Such a scheme for a house of 9 floors suggests the presence of a warm attic. The outlet from the 8th and 9th floors goes directly into the atmosphere, bypassing the common channel. The scheme for a 9-storey building was designed based on the complete absence of wind and the outside air temperature of +5.

Despite the fact that natural ventilation in such houses is not very efficient, it requires almost no maintenance, blockages rarely occur. There were cases when the ventilation ducts were clogged with building materials during the construction of the house.

Such a surprise later affected the quality of the hood. Most often, cleaning the mine is required once every 5-6 years.

During repairs, many people block the air flow in some place. Out of ignorance, they think that this will not affect the hood, but the process of air renewal in the apartment is hindered or stops completely.

The most common actions that lead to interference and malfunctions in natural ventilation are:

• installation of sealed plastic windows;
• interior doors with seal;
• installation of various fans in the hood.

In order not to disrupt the operation of the natural ventilation draft, it is forbidden to obstruct the inflow and outflow of air. For plastic windows, it is necessary to install air inlets or arrange an external inflow separately. Doors between rooms are equipped with bars at the bottom. The cross section of the exhaust duct must not be blocked by fans.

Expert opinion
Makarov Igor Tarasovich
Legal advisor with 8 years of experience. Specialization - criminal law. Extensive experience in document review.

The ventilation scheme in a multi-storey building is laid at the time of construction. Its design consists of many stages. Ventilation of apartment buildings is a mandatory requirement of sanitary standards.

A mandatory requirement of sanitary standards is the arrangement ventilation systems in apartment buildings houses

Definition

Khrushchevs are apartment buildings built according to a standard project from the beginning of the 50s to the beginning of the 80s. The name was given by the name of the general secretary of the party Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. There are three options for constructive solutions: brick, panel and large-block houses no higher than 5 floors. The number of storeys is limited due to the lack of an elevator.The architectural style of execution was called "functionalism".

Most of the houses were built from large-sized panels, this is due to the speed and cost of installation. The most common 447 series, most of the cities of the Soviet Union were built up with it. It features a unique window between the bathroom and the kitchen.

Almost all serial houses were equipped with a geyser, which was reflected in the design of the ventilation system.

The principle of operation and ventilation options

The influx of outdoor air into the premises passes through loosely adjacent window porches or channels and valves provided for this in double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic.

The hood is made through vertical shafts (as a rule, they pass in the bathrooms and in the kitchens), going from the apartment to the roof or attic. Due to the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, a draft arises in the mine, which ensures the movement of air.

The flow of fresh air moves through the rooms, gradually mixing with the exhaust air masses, after which it is removed from the room through the exhaust ducts.

If the air flow is blocked, normal air circulation in the apartment becomes impossible.

The following actions lead to disruption of this process:

• Installation of blind window frames.
• Installation of doorways without a gap between the floor and the door leaf.
• Permanently closed interior doors.
• Installation of periodically turning on fans at the entrances to the ventilation shafts.

Of course, in no case should this be a reason for refusing interior doors or convenient plastic windows.For normal air exchange, it is enough to install overflow grilles in the door leafs, insert special valves into the windows, and when installing fans, make sure that they do not completely block the exhaust duct.

The incorrect operation of the ventilation system is evidenced by the formation of condensate on the walls, misted windows, and the formation of mold.

For apartment buildings, several ventilation options are allowed:

• From each room in each apartment, a separate shaft goes to the roof. The method is convenient in that smells from neighbors will not penetrate into the apartment under any circumstances. The pull is also stronger and more stable here. Developers use this method infrequently, since its implementation requires a large number of pipes and additional labor costs. In addition, in multi-storey buildings, such a ventilation system will require too much space.
• Exhaust ducts from individual rooms go to a common collection duct in the attic, from where it is led out into the street. With an insufficient diameter of the ventilation duct, the exhaust air masses are able to penetrate into the rooms located on the upper floors. Because of this, the upper floors are often connected directly to the shaft, bypassing the box collector.
• The ventilation ducts lead directly to the attic, which acts as a kind of intermediate ventilation chamber. From there, through the collection channel, the exhaust air goes to the street. Not a very convenient way, because not only all kinds of smells will accumulate in the attic, but also an abundance of moist air. This will lead to the formation of condensation, the appearance of mold and the accelerated destruction of building materials.To reduce condensate, the channels must have good thermal insulation.
• Tree-like structure of the ventilation system. Small channels from individual rooms are suitable for a common vertical shaft. The method is economical, and therefore the most common. The main problem with this solution is that if the draft is disturbed, smells from one apartment will penetrate into the neighboring ones.

Organization of air circulation in the apartment

Consider how air circulates in a single apartment without installing additional air exchange devices. As mentioned above, fresh air enters through all kinds of window slots and gaps, as well as through doorways - ajar doors and gaps under them.

The diagram clearly shows the direction of air movement. It enters through the windows or doors of living quarters and travels towards the air vents.

Comfortable living in apartments is characterized by a number of factors, including the frequency of air exchange and the volume of regularly changing air. There are rules governing the flow of air flows.

Air exchange rate table suitable for an apartment building. The change of air should take place more actively where there is high humidity, that is, in the kitchen and in the bathrooms.

In old buildings, ventilation shafts do not always function 100%, and this can be checked in a simple way. It is necessary to take a sheet of paper and attach it to the technical ventilation hole. If the paper is not held by the traction force and falls, the natural ventilation is broken.

Instead of a sheet, you can use a burning candle or a match. By the movement of the flame tongue, it becomes clear whether there is a draft from the room to the outside.

Ventilation problems negatively affect the well-being of people living in apartments. Lack of fresh air causes unhealthy drowsiness, fatigue, headaches.

People with diseases of the heart and respiratory system are especially sensitive to this. They constantly want to keep the vents and windows open, and this leads to a sharp cooling of the premises and, as a result, an increase in the number of colds.

You can increase the efficiency of the natural exhaust system using the simplest device - a fan installed in the ventilation outlet in the bathroom

If a regularly switched on hood is installed above the stove with air outlet to the ventilation shaft, this will also contribute to the rapid change of air masses in the kitchen and adjacent rooms.

If desired, residents can independently organize the flow of air. For this, both ordinary ventilation and special mechanical and technical devices are used.

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You can quickly and fully ventilate the apartment by opening the window sashes. However, this method is recognized as effective only in the warm season. In cold weather, it will disturb the temperature balance in the rooms.

To make air exchange more productive, it is better to use flaps for ventilation. Fresh air does not enter the entire height of the window, but into the upper zone - so it is more evenly distributed throughout the rooms

In order for the air to circulate freely without regularly opening the vents, supply valves are built into the design of plastic windows. They do not spoil the appearance of windows and do not create drafts.

Not everyone split systems have the ability supply air to the room from the street.Most of them work only in cooling/heating mode. When choosing, you should look for models with an influx of purified air

Open windows are a traditional way to freshen up the atmosphere in your home.

Ajar windows and sashes of plastic double-glazed windows

Supply domestic valves on plastic windows

Split systems with fresh air transportation up to 15%

Valves are installed not only on double-glazed windows, but also in walls, most often under windows, near heating appliances. Air from the street enters the room through a small hole with a diameter of 5 to 10 cm and is heated by the heat of a radiator or convector.

There are automatic models that are sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity: as soon as the parameters exceed the norm, airing occurs.

But the centralized supply system of the channel type is recognized as more perfect. You can install it yourself only in a private house, because in high-rise buildings special services are involved in systems of this magnitude.

Air ducts and air supply / heating devices are located above the premises, in the ceilings, pass through the walls, so they are installed during the construction process.

Supply duct ventilation is equipped in new buildings of the so-called elite class. One of the installation conditions is high ceilings, which allow installation without damage to the interior.

As you can see, the lack of a well-established natural ventilation system can be partially compensated by installing additional appliances. There is only one minus - additional one-time expenses for the purchase of devices and regular ones - for paying for electricity.