Why does the heating radiator in the apartment heat poorly?

We let the air out

In cases where the riser corresponds to the thermal regime, but the battery does not, then the residents independently remove the accumulation of air, for which a Mayevsky crane is used on the batteries.

Before opening the valve, you must first turn off the heat supply and lay rags under the battery, because dirty water will come out with the air. The tap is opened with a screwdriver, which is inserted into a special recess.

When the accumulated air is released from the hole, it will come out with a certain sound. After the air is released from the battery, dirty water should appear from the hole. After that, the tap can be closed. After this procedure, the heat supply is restored in full.

Please note! A faucet is installed on each heating device, but you should not be zealous, so this procedure is carried out only with those devices that are cold

Please note that the faucet may have to be opened more than once

This procedure is more difficult if the accumulation of air is not in room batteries, but in pipes that are in the basement. You carry out the above procedure, and the batteries are cold, then it is worth calling a plumber from the UK, who will open the valve and release air, which does not allow heat to flow through the batteries.

Why the batteries are cold and the riser is hot, experts explain

On cold batteries don't warm your hands.

There can be a lot of reasons why the coolant supply pipe is hot and the radiator is cold. Specialists for general development name only the main ones:

• the central tap on the heat supply line is closed or the return line is closed;
• insufficient coolant flow;
• airing the system or a specific riser, radiator;
• the heating system is not balanced;
• pollution in the heating circuit;
• reduction in the cross section of the heat carrier supply pipe.

However, the following actions of the residents of the house will help the craftsmen who came to the call to quickly eliminate the malfunction of the heating circuit:

• it is necessary to install a hot pipe, and the radiator is cold in only one apartment, or this problem affects the entire riser. Perhaps the heating wiring of the entire entrance is faulty;
• does not interfere with going around all the entrances and seeing if the heating elements are hot there;
• you can go down to the basement and inspect the pipes for breakdown. Even a drip leak leads to a pressure drop in the system. This adversely affects her work.

All information received should be transferred to specialists. However, there are situations when the organization involved in the heat supply of the house refuses to repair the wiring. In this case, residents need to contact the regulatory authorities with a complaint about the poor quality of services provided. They also read: “Where to go if the batteries do not heat up?”.

Circuit cleaner.

If the batteries do not heat up the riser. If the riser is cold, the battery is cold - this is a sure sign that the main line through which the coolant flows is blocked. In confirmation of this, you need to walk through the neighboring apartments. They should warm up well. In this case, only a plumber can fix the breakdown, who will have drawings of the house heating wiring in his hands.

The next state of affairs, when the pipe is hot and the battery is cold, indicates a blockage in the system or the presence of an air lock. It prevents the penetration of the coolant into the heating element. From this, the latter does not warm up.Blockages are eliminated only if the radiator is completely disassembled and air under pressure is driven through it. This can only be done by a specialist who has the necessary tools and equipment.

It is easy to eliminate an airlock that interferes with the full circulation of the coolant in the system. To do this, each radiator is equipped with a Mayevsky crane. It is enough to open it and drain some hot water. With it, unnecessary air will also come out. They also read: “What to do if the batteries do not heat up?”.

If the radiators in the entire entrance do not heat

When the radiator is cold and the riser is hot, you need to pay attention to the pressure in the circuit. With insufficient pressure, the coolant cannot pass through all the radiators in the circuit

As a result, the batteries lower their temperature as they move away from the heat-carrying main. Residents of the house are not able to increase the pressure in the system on their own, and therefore it is recommended to seek help from professionals. More specifically, call the organization that is responsible for the heat supply of the building.

Supply and return can be interchanged.

Residents of a new house, when the heating system is first started, can observe the following situation when the battery is cold and the return is hot. Here it is appropriate to assume that errors were made during the installation of the heating elements. In this case, the pipes supplying the coolant and the return flow of the circuit are reversed. If we are talking about an individual heating circuit, then you should take a closer look at the circulation pump. It may not have been installed correctly.

When asked why there is a cold return in batteries, experts unequivocally point to an improperly designed heating system.In some cases, it is appropriate to talk about a small coolant flow rate.

Coolant circulation in a combined branched heating system

Let's start the analysis of the circulation of the coolant with a complex system - then you will deal with simple circuits without problems.

Here is a diagram of such a heating system:

It has three circuits:

1) boiler - radiators - boiler;

2) boiler - collector - water heated floor - boiler;

3) boiler - indirect heating boiler - boiler.

Firstly, the presence of circulation pumps (H) for each circuit is mandatory. But this is not enough.

In order for the system to work as we want it: the boiler is separate, the radiators are separate, check valves (K) are needed:

Without non-return valves, let's say we turned on the boiler, however, the radiators "for no reason" began to warm up (and it's summer in the yard, we just needed hot water in the plumbing). Cause? The coolant went not only to the boiler circuit, which we now need, but also to the radiator circuits. And all because we saved on check valves that would not let the coolant through where it is not needed, but would allow each circuit to work independently of the others.

Even if we have a system without boilers and not combined (radiators + water heated floor), but “only” branched with several pumps, then we put check valves on each branch, the price of which is definitely less than reworking the system.

Why is half of the battery cold?

Part of the battery may remain cold.

In this case, the following situations are considered:

• incorrect connection of the radiator;
• insufficiently high coolant temperature;
• the presence of air pockets and contamination inside the heating element;
• the cross section of the supply pipe is narrowed.

When the radiator is connected incorrectly. The main reason why the battery is half cold may be its incorrect connection. According to the rules for installing heating equipment in the heating circuit, the pipe supplying the hot coolant must be connected to the top of the battery. Cold pipe or return, on the contrary, to its lower part. Also read: “Brackets for radiators“.

How can this be explained? It is necessary to take into account the laws of physics and remember that hot water is much lighter than cold water, and therefore is located at the top of the heating device. Gradually giving up its thermal energy to the surrounding air, the coolant cools down. Its density, and hence its weight, increases. He goes down. That is why often half of the battery is cold and half is hot.

Consequences of incorrect connection of the battery to the circuit.

Low coolant temperature. The installation of the heating device is done correctly, but still half of the battery is cold. What to do in this case? Very often, especially in frosty weather outside, the coolant enters the heating circuit at an insufficiently high temperature. Giving heat to the heating element, it cools down completely. That is why the effect of a cold radiator from below is created.

Dirt inside the heater. Debris, rust, as a result of corrosion of the inside of the heating circuit, can cause the batteries to be half cold. What to do in such a situation? Before the start of the heating season, especially if the thermal distribution was organized several decades ago, it is necessary to clean the radiators.To do this, a locksmith is called from the corresponding service and they perform all the work.

The situation is worse if the radiators do not heat up after the start of the heating season. In this case, the entire riser is decommissioned. apartment building or outline heating of a private building. After all, it is possible to remove contaminants from the radiator only when there is no coolant in it.

To bleed air from the battery, open the Mayevsky tap and substitute some kind of vessel.

Air congestion. They may be the reason why half of the battery is cold. It is easy to check their presence if the supply pipe and the return of the heating element are equipped with ball valves or thermostats. They are simply covered. Then the upper tap is opened, while the lower one remains closed for only 10-15 seconds. If extraneous sounds and gurgling are heard at the moment the coolant enters, there is air inside the heating element. It prevents the free circulation of hot water, therefore half of the battery does not heat up.

You can solve the problem by simply bleeding air. To do this, heaters are equipped with a Mayevsky crane or a conventional crane in its upper part. Beforehand, a container for collecting hot water is installed under the locking mechanism. The Mayevsky tap opens and stays in this position until all the air has escaped from the heating device. The process is accompanied by spraying hot water under pressure. That is why it is recommended to cover the tap with a cloth.

The cross section of the supply pipe is narrowed. The heating element is mounted correctly, it is new and there is no air inside, and the battery is half cold. Reason: a thermostat or a tap with a narrowed flow section is installed.What does it mean? Through a pipe with a narrowed cross section, half the coolant enters the radiator. As a result, the speed of movement of water in the radiator decreases, therefore, the temperature of its surface also decreases.

What needs to be done? Dismantle the taps in front of the heating element. Before choosing a new device, be sure to consult a specialist. He must calculate the required section of the valve, which will not affect the movement of the coolant in the circuit.

Actions for prevention

In working condition, monitor the level of heating of the engine. If it seems too high for you, then it is better to remove the pump and contact the point of sale with a request to replace the unit. The same can be done in the case of a discrepancy between the force of pressure

Also, to protect pumping equipment from sudden failure, it is recommended to carry out preventive maintenance of the unit, which will include the following actions:

• Regular external inspection of the pump housing and its careful listening in the operating mode. So you can check the performance of the pump and the tightness of the housing.
• Ensure that all external pump fasteners are properly lubricated. This will make it easier to disassemble the pump if repairs are needed.
• It is also worth observing some rules when installing the pump unit for the first time. This will help to avoid repairs in the future:
• So, when you first connect the pump to the heating network, you should turn on the unit only if there is water in the system. Moreover, its actual volume must correspond to that indicated in the technical passport.
• It is also worth checking the pressure of the coolant in a closed circuit here.It must also correspond to that stated in the technical specifications of the unit.
• In working condition, monitor the level of heating of the engine. If it seems too high for you, then it is better to remove the pump and contact the point of sale with a request to replace the unit. The same can be done in case of a mismatch in the pressure force.
• Also, make sure that there is an earth connection between the pump and the terminals when connecting the pump. Here, in the terminal box, check the absence of moisture and the reliability of fixing all wiring.
• A working pump should not give even minimal leaks. Particularly noteworthy are the junctions of the inlet and outlet pipes of the heating system with the pump housing.

Battery connected incorrectly

Another very common situation of a cold bottom and a hot top of the battery is its incorrect (non-professional) connection. Particular attention in the organization of the heating system will require the installation of a bypass in front of the heaters, the correct choice of the connection scheme and the competent installation of all valves.

The best option would be a parallel (diagonal) connection with a coolant supply at the top and a “return” at the bottom. In addition, it must be remembered that there must be the necessary space above and below the battery to ensure normal and stable air exchange. Otherwise, the operation of such a device will be absolutely inefficient and problematic.

Boilers with automatic ignition.

The water circulation in the heating circuit is disturbed.

Due to the slow movement of the coolant in the heating system, the water in the heat exchanger overheats and the boiler stops in emergency mode.The speed of movement of the liquid in the system can be affected by a decrease in the efficiency or breakdown of the pump, contamination of the filter installed on the "return" of the heating circuit, improper operation of the three-way valve.

The performance of the circulation pump is reduced due to contamination of the turbine blades or the internal cavity.

Photo 1 - gas boiler circulation pump module with automatic ignition.

For its revision it is necessary:

1. Stop smoothly by moving the water temperature regulator knob to the extreme zero position and wait for the process to complete, turn off the boiler.
2. Dismantle the front of the housing.
3. Determine the location of the pump.
4. Close the shut-off valve (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 photo 2) of the supply, return line, cold water supply.
5. Drain water from the boiler through the drain cock and leave it in the open position.
6. Loosen pump fasteners until air enters the circuit to drain residual fluid from the system.
7. Dismantle the fastener, power plug and remove the module (engine with turbine).
8. Clean the blades, the inner cavity and the rubber seal of the mechanism from dirt.
9. Assemble the pump.
10. Open the cold water supply tap.
11. Slightly open the make-up valve to check the tightness of the hydraulic part of the boiler.
12. Open the supply and return valve.
13. Fill the system with water up to a pressure of 1 bar.
14. Turn on the boiler in circulation mode to remove air.

Photo 2 is an example of piping of a heating system.

In boilers with electronic control, if the pump breaks down, the corresponding fault code will be displayed on the dashboard, which is decoded using the boiler passport or electronic catalogs posted on the manufacturer's website.

Checking and cleaning the filter:

1. Gently stop the boiler.
2. Using the taps (No. 1, No. 2) installed in front of the filter and behind it, shut off the water supply.
3. Using the drain cock of the filter, remove water from the isolated area.
4. Unscrew the flask and clean the strainer.
5. Assemble all filter components.
6. Open previously closed valves.
7. If the system pressure drops, energize the circuit.
8. Switch the boiler to the venting position.

Checking the three-way valve.

In double-circuit wall-mounted gas boilers, switching from heating mode to hot water position is carried out using a three-way valve. It consists of a servo drive (motor with a gearbox), a stem, rubber seals, a valve and a housing with inlets and outlets. A malfunction of this device can lead to a cessation of the circulation of the coolant and, as a result, an overheating of the heat exchanger is formed.

To check the condition of the three-way valve, it is necessary to smoothly stop the boiler and de-energize the system. Check the condition of the engine, and for this, connect the ohmmeter probes to the power terminals. If it shows 80 - 300 ohms, then the engine is working, and if other indications (0 or 1), then it is faulty.

The three-way valve may not switch due to jamming of the actuator gearbox, or due to deformation of the valve itself. If violations of the valve operation are detected, it is changed to a serviceable one, or is subject to revision.

General heating problems

General scheme of autonomous heating operation

The principle of operation of any heating system is the efficient transfer of thermal energy from an energy carrier (gas, solid fuel, diesel, etc.) to water in pipes. The task of heating devices (radiators, batteries, pipes) is to transfer the received heat to the room.

And if the heating battery does not heat up, the reasons for this may lie both in the design itself and in the parameters of the system as a whole. Consider the common reasons for the decrease in the efficiency of the heating system:

• Low efficiency of the boiler heat exchanger. Water is not heated to the desired temperature;
• A specific heating battery does not heat well. Possible reasons - improper installation, the formation of air pockets;
• Changing the technical characteristics of the system - an increase in hydrodynamic resistance in certain sections of the pipeline, a decrease in the passage diameter of pipes, etc. Most often, the consequence of such phenomena is that the heating circulation pump is very hot.

In some cases, not one, but several of the listed problems occur. Often the main cause is the root cause of the appearance of the following. Thus, the formation of an air lock affects the increase in hydrodynamic resistance, and as a result, there is an increased load on the circulation pump.

Why is half the battery cold

When the radiator is connected incorrectly.

The main reason why the battery is half cold may be its incorrect connection. According to the rules for installing heating equipment in the heating circuit, the pipe supplying the hot coolant must be connected to the top of the battery. Cold pipe or return, on the contrary, to its lower part. Also read: "Brackets for radiators."

How can this be explained?

It is necessary to take into account the laws of physics and remember that hot water is much lighter than cold water, and therefore is located at the top of the heating device. Gradually giving up its thermal energy to the surrounding air, the coolant cools down. Its density, and hence its weight, increases. He goes down. That is why often half of the battery is cold and half is hot.

In any case, if the radiator is half cold, you need to seek help from a specialist, and not try to solve the problem yourself. This may result in equipment damage or injury.

Low coolant temperature.

The installation of the heating device is done correctly, but still half of the battery is cold. What to do in this case? Very often, especially in frosty weather outside, the coolant enters the heating circuit at an insufficiently high temperature. Giving heat to the heating element, it cools down completely. That is why the effect of a cold radiator from below is created.

Dirt inside the heater.

Debris, rust, as a result of corrosion of the inside of the heating circuit, can cause the batteries to be half cold. What to do in such a situation? Before the start of the heating season, especially if the thermal distribution was organized several decades ago, it is necessary to clean the radiators. To do this, a locksmith is called from the corresponding service and they perform all the work.

The situation is worse if the radiators do not heat up after the start of the heating season. In this case, the entire riser of an apartment building or the heating circuit of a private building is decommissioned. After all, it is possible to remove contaminants from the radiator only when there is no coolant in it.

Air congestion.

They may be the reason why half of the battery is cold. It is easy to check their presence if the supply pipe and the return of the heating element are equipped with ball valves or thermostats. They are simply covered. Then the upper tap is opened, while the lower one remains closed for only 10-15 seconds. If extraneous sounds and gurgling are heard at the moment the coolant enters, there is air inside the heating element. It prevents the free circulation of hot water, therefore half of the battery does not heat up.

You can solve the problem by simply bleeding air. To do this, heaters are equipped with a Mayevsky crane or a conventional crane in its upper part. Beforehand, a container for collecting hot water is installed under the locking mechanism. The Mayevsky tap opens and stays in this position until all the air has escaped from the heating device. The process is accompanied by spraying hot water under pressure. That is why it is recommended to cover the tap with a cloth.

The cross section of the supply pipe is narrowed.

The heating element is mounted correctly, it is new and there is no air inside, and the battery is half cold. Reason: a thermostat or a tap with a narrowed flow section is installed. What does it mean? Through a pipe with a narrowed cross section, half the coolant enters the radiator. As a result, the speed of movement of water in the radiator decreases, therefore, the temperature of its surface also decreases.

What needs to be done?

Dismantle the taps in front of the heating element. Before choosing a new device, be sure to consult a specialist.He must calculate the required section of the valve, which will not affect the movement of the coolant in the circuit.

Complete space heating

The air temperature in the room will always be low if half of the radiator is cold, half is hot. The reason for this may be incorrect installation of the radiator, the presence of a tap with a narrowed cross section in front of it, pollution and air inside the heating element. Any problem can be fixed if you seek help from a specialist. It is not recommended to carry out repairs yourself, as this leads to equipment failure or injury.

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Possible problems and their manifestation

A malfunction in the water floor heating system is manifested in a sharp decrease in the level of comfort in the room.

It is felt physically:

1. Most often there is no heating, the room becomes cold.
2. Less often, users have to deal with excessive heating when it becomes unbearably hot, and the heating time of a water heated floor is significantly reduced. If such a malfunction is not eliminated in time, the floor covering, the screed and the pipes themselves may deteriorate.

The question arises why the water heated floor does not heat well or there is no heating at all?

Often, such problems can arise immediately after installation of the system during the first start-up.

That is why it is important to know the requirements for putting a warm water floor into operation, as well as to be able to properly adjust the system.

In order not to worry, wondering how long the water heated floor warms up, it is worth adhering to all the requirements of the installation technology when building a “warm cake”. One of the possible reasons for the low quality of heat transfer of the system is poor-quality thermal insulation.

Periodic recording of energy consumption and temperature can be invaluable in identifying the problem. By referring to them, it is much easier to identify a malfunction in time.

Why are bimetallic radiators hot after connecting at the top and cold at the bottom: a reason to check the connections

Many home craftsmen decide on self-assembly, guided by considerations such as: there is nothing complicated here or why spend extra money if you have hands. Partially, this point of view is justified, but it is not bad to back it up with at least superficial theoretical information, which not many do. Therefore, let's go through the "tops".

Incorrect installation of coolants: consequences

The main gross miscalculation during the installation of a two-pipe system is the wrong choice of the direction of the coolant flow in the pipes and its connection. A common mistake is that the supply pipe is connected to the lower fitting of the heat exchanger, and the return pipe is connected to the upper one. Face result:

1. Circulation processes are disturbed, as a result, the efficiency of the system drops.
2. The course of removal of the coolant from the device is disturbed, one half of the battery will heat up, and the second one will not.
3. Efficiency drops, full heat transfer is impossible due to incomplete filling with water.

Since the heated liquid has a lower density than the cold liquid, when it gets inside, it tends to rise up. Therefore, the water follows the path of least resistance and does not mix in the sections.

How to fix the situation

A competent connection method guarantees the flow of hot water from above and facilitates its passage through the upper collector.Full heating provides a diagonal connection of radiators. However, it is not always done as one thinks, but it needs to be corrected. The algorithm is the following:

• Disconnect the supply pipes from the fittings.
• Adjust the system layout, taking into account that the supply flow goes through the top pipe (it is connected to the top pipe), and the return flow through the bottom pipe.
• Connect the components to the heat exchanger.
• Open the supply and check the functioning of the system.

Incorrect connections in the heating system

The correct design and installation of the heating system is the basis for the efficiency of space heating and optimization of heat consumption. A common mistake is to install the bypass incorrectly. It should be noted that the installation of a valve directly on the bypass is prohibited. With such an installation, it is possible to shut off the circulation on the entire riser if the valve on the battery and on the bypass are closed at the same time. This is especially true in an apartment building and with a single-pipe connection scheme.

Too large, in comparison with the design, the number of sections that make up the heating radiator. If necessary, you can connect the radiator "diagonally" or install a "flow extension" on such a radiator. Such a bypass - a flow extension can be made independently or purchased ready-made.

With a multi-circuit system, balancing valves should be provided in the shorter arm of the system during installation. Such taps can even out the temperature balance in different parts of the heating system.

Consequences of a cold return

Scheme for heating the return

Sometimes, with an incorrectly designed project, the return flow in the heating system is cold.As practice shows, the fact that the room does not receive enough heat during a cold return is half the trouble. The fact is that at different supply and return temperatures, condensate can form on the walls of the boiler, which, when interacting with carbon dioxide released during the combustion of fuel, forms acid. She then can disable the boiler much ahead of time.

To avoid this, it is necessary to carefully consider the design of the heating system, special attention must be paid to such a nuance as the return temperature. Or include additional devices in the system, for example, a circulation pump or a boiler, which will compensate for the loss of warm water

Radiator connection options

Now we can more than confidently say that when designing a heating system, the supply and return must be ideally thought out and configured. With the wrong design you can lose more than 50% percent of the heat

There are three options for inserting a radiator into a heating system:

1. Diagonal.
2. Lateral.
3. Lower.

The diagonal system gives the highest efficiency and is therefore more practical and efficient.

The diagram shows a diagonal inset

How to regulate the temperature in the heating system?

In order to adjust the radiator temperature and reduce the difference between the flow and return temperatures, a heating system temperature controller can be used.

When installing this device, do not forget about the jumper, which must be in front of the heater. In the absence of it, you will regulate the temperature of the batteries not only in your room, but throughout the riser. It is unlikely that the neighbors will be delighted with such actions.

The simplest and cheapest version of the regulator is the installation of three valves: on the supply, on the return and on the jumper. If you cover the valves on the radiator, the jumper must be open.

There is a huge abundance of various thermostats that can be used in apartment buildings and private homes. Among the wide variety, each consumer can choose for himself a regulator that will suit him in terms of physical parameters and, of course, in terms of cost.

Safety valve in the heating system

Why don't batteries heat up?

You have noticed that in the house heating circuit the last battery is cold. What to do? Experts advise first to determine the nature of the breakdown. It can be both global and local. In the first case, you need to pay attention to the correct installation of the bypass and the heating element itself. The breakdown can be eliminated only by redoing the heating wiring in the house.

Local breakdowns include air congestion and contamination inside the heating element. They are the main reason why the middle or last battery in the heating system is cold. These problems can be eliminated by a person without professional skills. But the help of specialists here will not hurt.

Causes of return problems in batteries of a private or apartment building

There are several reasons why the return line is not warm enough or even cold at all. Common problems are:

• insufficient water pressure in the system;
• a small section of the pipe through which the coolant passes;
• incorrect installation;
• air pollution or contamination of the system.

If a problem with a cold return has arisen in an apartment, then the first thing you should pay attention to is pressure. This is especially true for rooms on the upper floors. The fact is that the principle of operation of the return flow is to quickly and continuously run the liquid through the system

And if its speed drops, then the coolant will not have time to push out cold water and the batteries do not heat up

The fact is that the principle of the return flow is to quickly and continuously run the liquid through the system. And if its speed drops, then the coolant will not have time to push out cold water and the batteries do not heat up.

Another reason for the failure of the return flow is pollution of the heating circuit. As a rule, major cleaning of systems in multi-storey buildings is not carried out often. Sediment, which accumulates over time on the walls of the pipes, prevents the passage of fluid.

The main reason for interruptions in the operation of the heating system in a private house is improper installation. Most often this happens when the installation is carried out without the participation of specialists. Being incompetent in this matter, it is quite easy to mix up the supply and return pipes, or choose pipes of the wrong size.

Both in an apartment and in a private house, the problem of a malfunction of the heating system can be associated with insufficient water supply rate or airiness. In a similar way, the work of the return is affected by the contamination of the pipes.

Troubleshooting methods. Why is cleaning necessary?

To understand exactly how to solve the problem, you first need to establish its source. If the batteries become cold due to insufficiently fast water circulation, the installation of a special pump will help in this case.It will regularly push water into the circuit under a certain pressure, thereby not allowing the system to stop or slow down.

Photo 2. Marking the Grundfos circulation pump allows you to choose the most suitable one and install it correctly.

If the cause is clogged pipes, then they just need to be cleaned. You can do this in several ways:

• using a water-pulsing mixture;
• with the help of biological products;
• by means of a pneumatic hammer.

Important! Such cleaning is carried out regularly in order to prevent the appearance of new problems. In the event of a malfunction due to improper installation of the equipment, contact the wizard. A qualified specialist will certainly understand the problem and fix all the problems

In addition, he will give practical advice and recommendations for the care and operation of the system.

A qualified specialist will certainly understand the problem and fix all the problems. In addition, he will give practical advice and recommendations for the care and operation of the system.

In the event of a malfunction due to improper installation of the equipment, contact the wizard. A qualified specialist will certainly understand the problem and fix all the problems. In addition, he will give practical advice and recommendations for the care and operation of the system.

This is interesting: Scheme heating a one-story house with forced circulation (open, closed system) (video)