Designing air conditioning systems for buildings: important nuances and stages of project preparation

Design stages and content of the MKD project

The project for the construction of an MKD consists of mandatory and additional sections.The content of the document and each section is determined by Decree No. 87, and the development must comply with GOST R 21.1101-2013.

Studying the terms of reference and documents for the site

Before designing, it is necessary to study the customer's requirements for the result of the work. They are specified in the terms of reference and the contract with the design organization. The main documents of urban planning and zoning, GPZU, lease agreement, other forms and forms are also being studied. According to the submitted documents, the terms and procedure for conducting engineering surveys and other surveys are determined.

Engineering survey

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, engineering surveys are a mandatory stage in the design of an MKD. During the research, the following activities are carried out:

• preparation of the geological basis for future construction, i.e. study of the composition and quality of soil and soil, locations of underground and surface engineering and transport communications;
• analysis of climatic conditions at the construction site;
• assessment of the state of the relief and landscape, determination of the building spot, locations and movement of equipment, storage of materials;
• determination of the location of enclosing structures (taking into account the instructions of municipal authorities).

Also at this stage, restrictions on construction parameters in terms of area, number of floors, location of protective and sanitary zones are being studied. All results of engineering surveys are drawn up in the form of documents that will be indicated in the content of the project.

Modern software allows you to create a visualization of the future object already at the design stage

Preparation and justification of architectural, planning and other decisions

The appearance and layout of the future building depends on the decisions that architects and designers will choose. The choice of decisions is influenced by the urban planning documentation of the settlement, the number of storeys and area of ​​the future house, the availability of urban and social infrastructure, and other factors. All architectural, space-planning and other decisions must be justified in the relevant sections of the project.

Design of engineering systems

For each MKD, engineering systems are developed - water supply and sanitation, energy supply, gas supply, ventilation, etc. Engineering communications must comply with the architecture and layout of the building, cover all residential and auxiliary premises. Permissible connection indicators and consumption limits are indicated in the technical specifications of resource supplying organizations, so the designer must take them into account in the work.

The MKD project has sections for all engineering systems, graphic diagrams for placing networks

Development of measures for protection and safety

A mandatory requirement for the design of MKD is the development of a section with fire and other safety measures. This includes escape routes and emergency ladders, fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems. Also, security measures should be developed for the contractor who will carry out the construction work.

Preparation of project documentation

The above list is not a complete list of design stages. For example, the final documents should indicate the requirements for building materials and structures, the location of fences, plans for organizing construction. All sections of the project contain a text description and graphic materials.The text block indicates the decisions and their justification, explanations and recommendations for construction. The graphic part includes schemes, drawings, tables, other documents and objects.

During the design process, various visualization methods can be used, including to clarify individual details of the future object with the customer. After filling in all sections of the project according to Decree No. 87, it must be approved by the customer. Further, the documentation is sent for examination to obtain a building permit.

The content of the project documentation will include floor plans showing all the premises

What are the requirements for a construction site?

1. Water sources should be located near the construction site. Under the condition of building an enterprise with water supply, its water area should be of optimal length and capacity not only for unloading, but also for sorting the raw materials used.
2. The selected site should not border on the place where mining is or will be carried out. This principle also applies to collapse zones in connection with underground workings and areas where landslides are possible.
3. The property and condition of the soil on the site must allow a certain construction load. This indicator is taken into account when arranging the foundation, which implies the use of such an indicator as inertial load (the use of vibrating machines, hammers, sawmills).
4. The relief should be as convenient as possible, as well as the territory adjacent to it. This will reduce the amount of excavation and layout will be minimal. The site selected for construction should not be flooded by floods.In this case, the groundwater level should be low.
5. The configuration and dimensions of the construction site must ensure the optimal location of the building, based on the approved production process. At the same time, all requirements and norms regarding the possible expansion and subsequent operation of the structure are taken into account.

Design stages

Drawing up a plan for the necessary work is carried out in two successive stages, including the preparation of all necessary calculations, estimates, technical specifications for specialists in related fields and the selection of a suitable model range of equipment.

Stage #1 - preparation of calculations and tasks

Preparation consists in familiarization with the building, its location, construction features and other factors.

Specialists draw up a feasibility study, on the basis of which the type of air conditioning system is approximately selected. The latter is described in a simplified way.

The simplified diagram shows the key parts of the air conditioning system, refrigerant distribution units and main climate control units

The master offers potentially effective equipment that meets the needs of the premises in terms of basic characteristics:

• power;
• cold, heat and air performance.

After that, an estimate of future work is drawn up. If the feasibility study project satisfies the owner of the building or apartment, the preparatory phase moves into the working phase.

Stage #2 - selection of suitable equipment

At this stage, design is based on accurate calculations that take into account the internal and external heat load, the thermal characteristics of the object. Calculations are carried out individually for each room, after which the excess heat in each zone is precisely known. Based on these data, the equipment necessary to compensate for thermal loads is selected.

After the choice of equipment, the design of installation sites for air conditioners begins, a diagram of the distribution of air ducts is provided, a technical work plan is prepared for the installation team, electricians.

All prepared materials are transferred to the customer and the supplier of climatic equipment. After installation, it is desirable to carry out commissioning, which will help to set up the operation of the equipment.

Design stages

systems Air conditioning design involves two main stages:

1. Draft feasibility study. At this stage, the location of air conditioners is determined, such as their selection, calculations of heat and air indicators and other important parameters. Based on the totality of data, a primary scheme is developed and agreed with the customer.
2. approval After the customer of the primary scheme, the working design of the project begins, the process of which consists in processing the layout of the room, the thermal characteristics of the room itself and the technological task. A direct air exchange calculation is made for each room of the room, the indicators are displayed for the required pressure in the network and heat dissipation. all Necessary plans are being drawn for future locations of installation equipment and network wiring.The final selection of climate technology and the preparation of specifications for it and the entire process in the required materials are carried out.

What documents and surveys are needed to develop a draft design

The development of sketches and their descriptions should be based on the initial data for the site, for the existing building. The list of documents that are used in the design of a draft design includes:

• title documents for the site;
• plans and schemes of the land plot on which construction work will be carried out;
• topographic and geodetic plans, diagrams, which record the features of the relief of the site, coordinates and heights;
• documents and graphic materials about the surrounding buildings;
• results of engineering surveys at the site.

If there are already any objects and networks on the site, including underground ones, they are also taken into account when developing sketches. Initial information about the site and the structure will be obtained in the course of surveys, surveys, inspections.

To prepare and justify draft solutions, the following information will be required:

• on the permitted construction parameters on this site (this information can be found in the GPZU, urban planning documents, technical regulations);
• on architectural and artistic requirements for the appearance and facades of the building (these requirements will differ for different districts of the city, quarters and streets);
• on existing prohibitions and restrictions on the site (this will affect the choice of location of the object on the ground).

Topographic surveys and geodetic surveys will be carried out in the course of surveys at the site.Based on their results, you can find out all the features of the structure of the soil and soils, the terrain, the exact locations of underground facilities. The same information will be needed at subsequent design stages, when the choice and justification of specific object decisions is made.

When preparing sketches, you can simultaneously complete a landscape design project for the site

Classification of domestic and industrial air conditioning systems

Split system

The simplest entry-level air conditioner consists of outdoor and indoor units, these are the most common household air conditioners that are great for apartments, but more complex systems are used for large facilities. Household series power usually does not exceed 7kW of refrigeration power.

Semi-industrial air conditioners

More powerful air conditioners of this line are already considered semi-industrial, since they are already too large for apartments, they are suitable for small shops, offices, small industries and other premises where manufacturability and appearance are not very important. Semi-industrial air conditioners often do not exceed a power of 25 kW, but there are more.

Multisplit systems

The next level is already multi air conditioners, to one outdoor unit which you can connect up to 5 indoor units with a total power of up to 9kW. This technique allows one outdoor unit to cover the need for cold of the entire apartment or small office or shop.

This is followed by multi-systems of a higher level, allowing you to connect up to 9 indoor units to one outdoor unit, the difference of this system is that the system has branching. Block distributors are connected to the outdoor unit, to which already connecting indoor units. A wonderful solution, both for cottages and for large apartments, for shops and offices, as power is already up to 16kw

Multizonal

The next technological level is VRV / VRF systems, the number of indoor units can reach up to 40, for one system, the power of which can be 50-60kW, such systems can be combined depending on the manufacturer up to 3-4x, with a total capacity of 180-200kW and the number of indoor blocks up to 120 or more. The system is great for large shops, hotels, large office buildings and various other buildings. The system is very high-tech, it can be connected to an air ventilation system, it can be used for space heating, it can be connected to hot water heating units, so many functions are provided by one device. Another feature is that the system can recover heat and redistribute it inside the building. For example, server rooms always generate heat, it can be collected and transferred to rooms where heating is required, during the transition period when the sun illuminates one part of the building, it becomes hot in it, and it is cold on the unlit side, and the system can cool the solar part, transferring heat to shaded. This is a whole new level of energy efficiency.

Chiller-fan coil systems

All of the above systems are direct evaporation systems, these are means that freon evaporates inside each indoor unit, and freon circulation is provided by the compressor of the outdoor unit, in this regard, there are a number of restrictions on the length of pipelines of such systems.After all, the larger the route, the more powerful the compressor is required, and this increases the price and operating costs and reduces the energy efficiency of the system. The essence of indirect cooling systems is that the refrigeration machine (chiller) cools the water, but it can already be transported to any distance, and this does not require an increase in compressor power, it is enough to install a more powerful pump, and the energy consumption of the pump and compressor are incommensurable. The model range of chillers is very wide and starts from 6 kW and ending with machines over 2 MW.

Design standards

It will not work to consider exactly how ventilation systems projects are prepared in all possible cases.

Therefore, it is important to focus on common characteristic points. The principles are enshrined in the following three regulations:

• SNiP;
• sanitary and epidemiological standards;
• SanPiN.

Important: the ventilation systems of warehouse complexes and factory floors are not subject to the same building and sanitary rules that are needed for the design of residential premises. It is strictly forbidden to confuse these regulations

Any project must meet the following requirements:

• purity of air and microclimate;
• long-term operation of ventilation and air conditioning equipment;
• simplification of repair of these systems;
• limited noise and vibration activity (even for emergency ventilation);
• safety in fire, sanitary and explosive terms.

It is forbidden to provide in the projects all those materials and structures, as well as their combinations, which are not allowed for this type of building or for a certain area.All materials and parts that must be certified are mentioned in the projects only together with information about the certificates. The minimum air intake per person in rooms and premises with natural air intake should be from 30 cubic meters. m. For areas that for any reason are not ventilated through windows, this figure should be at least twice as high.

What are constructive and space-planning solutions

The basis of any capital construction object is the totality of its load-bearing and non-bearing structures - foundation, ceilings, walls, partitions, flights of stairs and cages, underground elements. The requirements for their placement in the total volume of the building must be taken into account in the project documentation. For this purpose, a special section of the project “Constructive and space-planning solutions” is being filled out.

The set of design solutions includes all horizontal, vertical and inclined structures of the building, which ensure its stability and strength. Space-planning solutions provide for the organization of the internal volume of the building, its main and auxiliary premises.

Regulations

The basic regulatory documents for the development of project documentation are the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 87 (download). Read more here. These acts provide for the mandatory inclusion in the project of the section “Constructive and space-planning solutions”. Decree No. 87 (download) contains a list of information that must be indicated in the text and graphic parts of this section. There is also a general technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures.It is approved by Federal Law No. 384 (download) and should be used in the development of any type of project documentation.

Also, when designing, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the joint venture, SNiP. GOST and NPB, including:

• SP 118.13330.2012 for public buildings;
• SP 54.13330.2016 for apartment buildings;
• SP 56.13330.2011 for industrial buildings;
• SP 31-107-2004 regarding the design of architectural and construction solutions (download);
• other regulations, depending on the functional characteristics and type of object.

Structural and space-planning solutions must comply with the requirements of fire, sanitary and hygienic, mechanical and other safety, ensure the strength and stability of the building. To check against these criteria for the construction of the building and reconstruction, the project will undergo an examination, after which it will be transferred for issuance of a building permit.

in plain language

The purpose of designing structural and space-planning solutions is to describe all supporting structures and elements of the facility, a list of upcoming work and requirements for the characteristics of building materials. In this section, the designer must provide:

• features of the soil, landscape, groundwater levels on the site, climatic conditions for the construction of the operation of the facility;
• design features of the building and all its premises, with the necessary calculations of loads and reflection on spatial diagrams;
• requirements for strength, stability, spatial immutability of the object and its individual elements;
• features of the construction of underground parts of the building;
• the specifics of planning and operation of industrial premises of various types;
• requirements for providing thermal protection, reducing noise levels, vibrations and other negative impacts, waterproofing and other regulatory criteria;
• fire safety and energy saving requirements;
• design features of floors, ceilings, interior decoration in the building.

The description of all these nuances is accompanied by the preparation of diagrams, drawings, plans and explications. Based on the design and space-planning solutions, working documentation will be prepared for the contractor.

Rules for choosing an air conditioning system

When choosing an air conditioning system, all possible options are considered. It is recommended to focus on three varieties of the system. In particular, a comprehensive analysis of the problem is required, taking into account different options and requirements for a particular system.

Particular attention should be paid to the following requirements:

• Sanitary. In this case, the established temperature and humidity parameters must be maintained. Precise humidity control is the main reason for the increase in the cost of the air conditioning system. The air mass transportation system can be natural or forced. An exhaust system or pumping equipment can be used to release the air.
• Architectural and construction. Air conditioners can be installed using various methods. The most popular of them is the street or facade installation of an external unit with the connection of an indoor unit located inside the building. An alternative option is a ceiling split system.If the structure has large dimensions, it is advisable to install a central air conditioner in the roof part of the building. Also, construction requirements are associated with the possibility of installing air ducts and communication elements.
• Fireproof. These requirements are classified into several categories. Ordinary premises belong to the category "D", explosive and fire hazardous - to the category "A" and "B", and fire hazardous - to the category "C". The organization of all kinds of events is carried out taking into account one or another category of premises.
• Operational. It is necessary to choose a system control method: centralized by means of a remote control or autonomous with manual change of operating parameters.

Local supply ventilation

Local supply ventilation includes air showers (concentrated air flow at an increased speed). They must supply clean air to permanent workplaces, reduce the ambient air temperature in their area and blow on workers exposed to intense thermal radiation.

Local supply ventilation includes air oases - areas of premises fenced off from the rest of the premises by movable partitions 2-2.5 m high, into which air with a low temperature is injected. Local supply ventilation is also used in the form of air curtains (at gates, stoves, etc.), which create, as it were, air partitions or change the direction of air flows. Local ventilation is less expensive than general ventilation.In industrial premises, when hazards (gases, moisture, etc.) are released, a mixed ventilation system is usually used - common to eliminate hazards throughout the entire volume of the premises and local (local suction and inflow) to service workplaces.

Appointment of ventilation in the house

Being indoors, a person inhales a large amount of air. If the ventilation system is not properly organized, the air can stagnate - the oxygen content in it decreases, it becomes humid and dusty. All this negatively affects the general well-being of a person, and in people with respiratory diseases and allergies, it can provoke the appearance of diseases.
To avoid stagnation of air, it is necessary to periodically ventilate the room by opening windows and doors to the street. It is these actions that ensure the inflow of fresh air, and its outflow is carried out through the general house ventilation systems, which are mandatory organized in every modern building.

However, modern double-glazed windows and door frames do not provide sufficient air flow. It is convenient to open them in the summer, but it is rather problematic to use them in the winter in our climate. In addition, the ecology of some areas is also quite detrimental to human health, and there are no filtration systems for such natural ventilation.

The central ventilation and air conditioning system is designed to provide the building with good ventilation.

System design steps

The design of air conditioning at industrial and public facilities should be entrusted to qualified specialists. The efficiency and productivity of the future installation depends on the correct design of the project.

At the initial stage, designers study the object. Be sure to draw up a conditioning plan.

In this case, internal and external thermal effects are taken into account, namely:

• the presence of heated liquids, substances or materials in the room;
• heat input from the street during the warm season;
• release of thermal energy by working equipment in production facilities;
• heat that a person emits in the process of life;
• exposure to sunlight;
• heating the air with heaters and lamps.

Everything in summer thermal energy sources must be neutralized, and in winter they should be taken into account when planning loads on air conditioning equipment.

The design process is divided into several stages:

1. Determination of normal air exchange in each room.
2. Identification of sources of thermal energy.
3. Compilation of a list of additional requirements for the air conditioning system.
4. Selection of the project, taking into account the operating conditions of the building.
5. Several options for the economic justification of design decisions.
6. Reconciliation of the project with the initial requirements.
7. Detailed project development.
8. Coordination of project documentation.

After agreement with the customer, the project is handed over to the installers who will install and connect the air conditioning equipment.

Documents and graphic materials based on the results of the development of the architectural concept

The architectural concept is a set of the following text materials:

• description and justification of the appearance of the building, features of the layout and functional organization, parameters and characteristics of the object;
• description of the characteristics of the building plot;
• description of facade and color schemes;
• description and justification of the outdoor lighting system of the object and site;
• description of the site improvement elements;
• technical and economic indicators, calculations of engineering loads.

Equally important is the graphic part, which includes the general land plan, sketches and layout of facades along the streets, floor plans, sections. The exact list of text and graphic materials is determined by the TOR, the features of the designed object.

The set of documents includes sketches and drawings for the appearance of the future building.