Designing home heating: an overview of the main steps in designing and calculating

Additional aspects of choice

Heat carrier - water or air?

By the type of coolant for country houses, water heating is usually chosen, but they often stop with air heating.

Water heating functions in this way: the water heated by the boiler passes through pipes and through radiators (or “warm floor”) gives off heat to the premises. This "classic" has the following advantages:

• the possibility of combining with the DHW system;
• trouble-free installation in an already finished house (although this is associated with a number of inconveniences, but still);
• relatively inexpensive operation.

Among the disadvantages of water heating, it is worth noting the risk of freezing of the coolant in the cold season and the need for periodic preventive maintenance and maintenance of the system.

The air system heats the house according to the following principle: the air heated by the heat generator enters the premises through specially equipped channels through air ducts. The advantages of this type of heating is the possibility of combining it with a ventilation and ducted air conditioning system, filtered and humidified air, as well as the absence of the risk of freezing or leakage of the coolant.

Air heating is an excellent additional measure for country houses with panoramic windows. It can create powerful thermal curtains.

Unfortunately, this solution also has a lot of disadvantages, among them:

• complexity and high cost of installation;
• the need to design and install the system exclusively at the stage of building a house;
• "incompatibility" with thick stone walls;
• huge difficulties with making changes to an already finished system.

Air heating is an expensive pleasure in any case. In the installation of such, it makes sense only when erecting a building with a large number of hollow partition walls. As an independent system, it is rather weak, except for a mild climate.

Therefore, water heating in most cases is a more rational choice.

Energy dependence is an important point

When deciding on a heating system, it is very important to decide how you want to see it - volatile or not.Electricity is independent of the system with natural circulation of the coolant (gravity)

This is the main and probably the only plus. The disadvantages of the gravity system are much greater - this is the need to install with large diameter pipes, which often violate the aesthetics of the interior, and a small "radius" (houses with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bno more than 150 sq. M), and the inability to automatically regulate its operation

A system with natural circulation of the coolant (gravitational) is independent of electricity. This is the main and probably the only plus. The disadvantages of the gravity system are much greater - this is the need to install with large diameter pipes, which often violate the aesthetics of the interior, and a small "range" (houses with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bnot more than 150 sq. M), and the inability to automatically regulate its operation.

The forced circulation heating system is volatile, however, it does not hold advantages. It can be controlled both manually and automatically - up to each individual radiator. This contributes to significant fuel economy, which is good news. In addition to the heating circuit, it is possible to “introduce” a water supply circuit, a heated floor, a snowmelt system into a system with forced circulation, which cannot be said about gravity. At the same time, the “range of action” of the system is not limited.

Comparison of costs of different heating systems

Often the choice of a particular heating system is based on the starting cost of the equipment and its subsequent installation. Based on this indicator, we obtain the following data:

• Electricity. Initial investment up to 20,000 rubles.

• solid fuel. The purchase of equipment will require from 15 to 25 thousand rubles.

• Oil boilers. Installation will cost 40-50 thousand.

• Gas heating with own storage. The price is 100-120 thousand rubles.

• Centralized gas pipeline. Due to the high cost of communication and connection, the cost exceeds 300,000 rubles.

The main part of the design of heating a private house

Subsequent work on the design of water heating systems or analogues with antifreeze (for buildings rarely heated in winter) based on main gas or an autonomous scheme consists of a number of successive steps. Each of them is mandatory. It:

• determination of the type of energy carrier - usually the most accessible for the region is selected, but in the presence of centralized gas networks, by definition, natural gas is accepted;
• choice of heating system - the question is solved, with the help of which the premises of the house will be heated (radiators, systems of "water-heated floor", various combinations of heating options);
• drawing up a floor plan of the house (in the presence of number of storeys) with the obligatory fixation in it of the dimensions of the premises, the location of door and window openings, their sizes (the height of the window sills is also entered here, which makes it possible to clarify what height the radiators can be placed under the windows);
• calculation of the heat output of heating when designing individual heating, which is done on the basis of the floor plan of the house;
• determination of the location for the boiler room, the scheme for the movement of the coolant and the distribution points (the diagram indicates the exact locations of the radiators, taking into account the movement of air masses in the room).

Criteria for choosing a boiler for autonomous heating of a private house

When choosing the type of boiler for heating, there is no alternative only if gas is supplied to the house, it is the cheapest type of fuel and, in comparison with other sources (electricity is not considered), it has a number of operational advantages - it does not require storage space, they emit less products of combustion are released into the environment, it does not pollute the chimney system so intensively.

The main parameters that are paid attention to when choosing a boiler are:

• Unit power: is directly related to the area of ​​​​heated premises and the temperature regime, which is usually chosen based on building codes and state standards.
• Number of circuits: if hot water supply is not organized in the house, it is more practical to choose a two-circuit model that can heat water.
• Location: usually the unit is installed below in the basement on the floor, there are also hanging options for small houses.
• Material of production of the unit and heat exchanger: cast iron, stainless steel, copper.
• Type of combustion chamber according to the method of supplying air to the furnace: open or closed.
• The presence of automatic control and monitoring systems, the ability to program operating modes.
• The ability of the boiler to work with alternative fuels: relevant for liquid fuel modifications.

Rice. 14 Design Rinnai gas boiler

When choosing a boiler, the following tips may be helpful:

• If there is no hot water supply in the house, it is rational and cheaper to choose a double-circuit boiler model than to install a single-circuit unit and a geyser, an electric boiler separately.
• When using electricity, the night tariff is much cheaper than the day one, in this case, you can save on the cost of electricity. To do this, the whole house is strongly heated at night, with the exception of the bedrooms, and during the day the boiler is turned off for a long time or operated in the minimum heating mode.
• For the reliable operation of all boilers controlled by automation powered by the mains, you should purchase an electric generator with automatic switching on in the event of a power outage - this will allow the boiler equipment to continue its work in case of emergency situations on the power line.

Rice. 15 Kolton solid fuel boiler device

Heating a house without a pump. Two proven options

Until the 90s of the last century, heating a house without a pump was the only one available, since the direction for the manufacture of circulation pumps and their promotion to the masses was not developed. Thus, the owners and developers of private houses were forced to install heating in their houses without a pump.

But when good boiler equipment, pipes and compact circulation pumps began to be brought to the CIS in the 90s, the situation changed dramatically. Everyone started installing heating systems. which do not work without a pump. They began to forget about gravity systems. But today the situation is changing. Builders of private houses again recall the heating of the house without pumps. Since everywhere you can trace interruptions and shortages of electricity, which is so necessary for the operation of the circulation pump.

The issue of quality and quantity of electricity supply is especially acute in new buildings.

That is why today, more than ever, one proverb is remembered: “Everything new is a well-forgotten old!”. This proverb is very relevant today, for heating a house without a pump.

For example, in the past, only steel pipes, homemade boilers and open expansion tanks were used for heating. The boilers were of low efficiency, the pipes were bulky steel, and it is not recommended to hide them in the walls.

Expansion tanks were located in attics. because of this, there were heat losses and the threat of a flood of the roof or freezing of the pipes in the tank. Which in turn often led to an explosion of the boiler, rupture of pipes and human casualties.

Today, thanks to modern boilers, pipes and other heating devices, it is possible to make a smart, economical heating system without a pump. Thanks to modern economical boilers, significant savings can be achieved.

Modern plastic or copper pipes can be easily hidden in walls. The same heating of the house today can be done, both with radiators and with warm floors.

Today, there are two main home heating systems without a pump.

The first and most common system is called Leningradka. or with horizontal spill.

The main thing in home heating systems without a pump is the slope of the pipes. Without a slope, the system will not work. Due to the slope, "Leningradka" is not always suitable, since the pipes run around the entire perimeter of the house. Also, due to the fact that the slope may not be enough, you have to lower the boiler below the level of your floor. The boiler in this case is inconvenient to heat and clean.

Also, when installing a heating system at home without a Leningradka pump, doorways interfere along the route of the pipes.In this case, it is necessary to make window sills with a height of at least 900mm.

This is necessary so that the radiator is mounted and there is enough height for the pipes along the slope. Otherwise, the system is fully functional, with cast iron, steel and aluminum radiators.

The second home heating system without a pump is called the "Spider" or vertical top-spill system.

Today it is the most reliable and practical home heating system without a pump. The main thing is that the "Spider" system is devoid of all the shortcomings of "Leningradka", with the exception of the slope of the return line, due to which the boiler also has to be lowered below the floor.

Otherwise, the Spider system is the most efficient system. Any radiators and underfloor heating can be screwed to the Spider system. It is possible to mount valves under the thermal head on radiators in the "Spider" system and hide the pipes in the walls and so on.

Today, it is increasingly necessary to recommend the Spider system to developers, because. today it is an ideal home heating system without a pump.

Thank you for reading this article!

Do it yourself or invite a specialist?

The answer to this question must be sought by any homeowner. And it's good if it is given at the stage of calculations and the first earthworks. Of course, everyone decides for himself what to give preference to, but we would recommend at least consulting with specialized specialists. And there is no need to hope for a general house project (developed by a specialized company), where by default there should be a heat engineering section.

It may very well be that a typical project is proposed there, slightly adapted to specific conditions.In practice, it may turn out that the implemented example of a heating project for a private house will not satisfy either heat transfer or economic characteristics.

This is how a schematic representation of a heating system looks like in a professionally executed project

Is it possible to calculate the heating system

When creating a heating system, the main thing is to answer many technical questions about the parameters for a particular house. For example: boiler power, liquid flow rate, placement of radiators, power of each radiator, pipe material, their placement, diameter of pipe sections, type of valves ...

To answer all these questions and others similar, thermal and hydraulic calculation will help.

We need to decide how much energy is needed to heat a particular house and each room in it. And then, based on this, calculate how much liquid (coolant) per minute and what temperature to supply to each room, select radiators and calculate pipe diameters, etc. etc. But this is not easy to do. Such calculations are made by specialists, and calculations with responsibility for their results are made only by licensed design organizations. And such a calculation will cost a pretty penny.

You can, of course, use programs available on the Internet and make any calculations yourself, but where is the guarantee that there will be no error if it is not done by a heat engineer?

This is interesting: What slope of the sewer pipe is considered optimal in various situations - we tell the main thing

Design of the heating system of a country house

Scheme two-storey heating system country house (cottage) based on a fireplace stove.

The final design involves the development of a working draft of the heating system of a private house. The drafting is carried out in the following order:

• pipeline route design;
• distribution units are placed: manifolds, shut-off valves, circuit servo drives that regulate thermal heads on radiators;
• performing a hydraulic calculation of the system to exclude temperature drops in the premises during operation, the occurrence of emergencies due to pressure drops in the heating system;
• selection of manufacturers of heating equipment;
• drawing up a specification, which indicates the cost of equipment and components used for the installation of the system;
• determination of the cost of installation work;
• execution of the drawn up project that meets the current requirements of regulatory authorities and SNiP;
• coordination of the drawn up documentation with state regulatory authorities.

The working draft of the heating system of a country house consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note should include:

• description of the purpose and purpose of the completed design work;
• table of initial data;
• heat loss and temperature regimes;
• technological solution;
• list of used equipment;
• list of technical and economic indicators of the heating system;
• operating conditions;
• safety requirements.

The graphic part should include the following materials:

For owners of country houses and cottages, the issue of heating is the most important in the harsh Russian climate. As a rule, connection to the city or village heating network is not possible.The best option that will allow you to provide warmth and comfort in your country house throughout the year, even in severe frosts, will be the use of an autonomous heating system.

The heating system of a country house must be provided at the design and construction stages.

This will allow you to initially understand what power a heat supply source will need (for example, a private boiler house), develop the most optimal heating scheme and provide for the conditions for system installation heating during the construction of a country house or cottage (so that you do not have to resort to its redevelopment and re-finishing).

In an already constructed building, when wiring all the necessary communications, it will inevitably be necessary to make holes in the ceilings and walls. When choosing a floor heating boiler, a separate room should be provided - the boiler room. If the boiler room is not provided for by the project, then it is more convenient to use wall-mounted heating boilers. They can be installed in bathrooms or kitchens.

There are three main types of heating systems for a country house.

• Traditional country house heating system - a system in which the liquid heat carrier is heated in a heating boiler, after which, circulating through a system of pipelines and radiators, it gives off heat to the heated premises.

• Air heating system of a country house - in such systems air is used, which, after preheating, is supplied to the heated premises through air ducts.

• Electric heating system for suburban at home - space heating is carried out by infrared emitters and other electrical appliances in which thermal energy is generated by electricity. These systems do not use coolant.

Air and electric heating in our country is not as in demand as in Western Europe and the USA. Therefore, we will dwell in more detail on the traditional heating system of country houses.

Traditional heating and hot water systems (hot water supply) include heating devices (heating boilers), control and shutoff valves, pipelines. The main source of heat in traditional systems are heating boilers that operate on various types of fuel. The boiler heats water (fluid coolant), which then flows through pipelines to radiators, after which the coolant gives off part of the heat to the room and returns to the boiler. The circulation of the coolant in the system is supported by circulation pumps.

According to the method of piping, the heating of a country house is divided into:

• one-pipe heating system

• two-pipe heating system

• radiant (collector) heating system

Which radiators to choose

Despite the varieties of the heating system, in any case, special equipment is required, with the help of which heat enters the cottage: heating radiators, batteries. All heating equipment can be divided into 4 types:

1) Cast iron radiators are an excellent heat carrier. But they are not without the risk of water hammer, which can damage them during the heating season.Since the inner surface of the radiator is rough, it is able to accumulate limescale, which blocks the flow of heat into the room. When choosing a cast-iron radiator for a cottage, it should be taken into account that a local heating system is installed.

2) Steel radiators are more resistant to water hammer and do not have the disadvantages of cast iron batteries, they transfer heat better. But they are not resistant to corrosion, rust can form on the inner wall, which forces the batteries to be carefully maintained, or too frequent replacement will be required.

3) Aluminum radiators are light in design, excellent in heat conduction, corrosion resistant, but unable to withstand water hammer. If the cottage uses a local heating system, then such a radiator can be an excellent solution.

4) Bimetallic radiators are the most efficient. They are resistant to corrosion, water hammer, do not form scale on the inner surface, give off more heat. Among the shortcomings, only the high price was revealed.

The number of sections of radiators: how to correctly calculate

Number of battery sections: competent selection

The calculation of the heating system is carried out with the obligatory selection of the number of radiator sections. A fairly simple formula can also be used here - the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room that is supposed to be heated must be multiplied by 100 and divided by the power of the battery section.

• Room area. As a rule, all radiators are designed to heat only one room, and therefore the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house is not needed. The only exception is if there is a room that is not equipped with a heating system next to the room that is being heated;
• The number 100, which appears in the formula for calculating the number of radiator sections for a heating system, is not taken from the ceiling. According to the requirements of SNiP, about 100 W of power is used per square meter of living space. This is quite enough to maintain a comfortable temperature;
• As for the power of the section of heating radiators, it is individual and depends, first of all, on the material of the batteries. If it is impossible to accurately determine the parameter, then 180-200 W can be taken for calculations - this corresponds to the average statistical power of a section of modern radiators.

Having received all the data, you can start calculating the heating batteries. If we take as a basis the size of the room at 20 m2, and the section power at 180 W, then the number of elements of heating radiators can be calculated as follows:

n=20*100|180=11

It should be noted that for rooms located at the end or at the corner of the building, the result obtained must be multiplied by 1.2. Thus, it will be possible to achieve the most optimal values, to determine a sufficient number of radiator sections for heating a country cottage.

Calculation and design of heating systems Moscow

How is the calculation and design of heating systems carried out. Our design engineers enter data on the total area of ​​the building, wall thickness into the technical documentation, the materials used in the construction, the number and size of windows are also important - all this affects the calculation and conduct of communication to the house in the future. With the competent implementation of the technical and design part, the most competent implementation of the project becomes possible.

By the way, the design of heating systems directly associated with renovations.that can be executed. If you choose the wrong pipe diameter or poor-quality material, the walls may crack or, if the pipeline breaks, hot water will splash onto the floor. Then not only the floor covering will deteriorate, but also the interior items located on it. No wonder they say that the high-quality arrangement of the heating system begins with the design of the network.

The principle of operation of closed CO

A closed (otherwise - closed) heating system is a network of pipelines and heating devices in which the coolant is completely isolated from the atmosphere and moves forcibly - from the circulation pump. Any SSO must include the following elements:

• heating unit - gas, solid fuel or electric boiler;
• safety group consisting of a pressure gauge, safety and air valve;
• heating devices - radiators or contours of underfloor heating;
• connecting pipelines;
• a pump that pumps water or non-freezing liquid through pipes and batteries;
• coarse mesh filter (mud collector);
• closed expansion tank equipped with a membrane (rubber "pear");
• stopcocks, balancing valves.

Typical diagram of a closed heating network of a two-story house

The algorithm of operation of a closed-type system with forced circulation looks like this:

1. After assembly and pressure testing, the pipeline network is filled with water until the pressure gauge shows a minimum pressure of 1 bar.
2. The automatic air vent of the safety group releases air from the system during filling. He is also engaged in the removal of gases that accumulate in pipes during operation.
3. The next step is to turn on the pump, start the boiler and warm up the coolant.
4. As a result of heating, the pressure inside the SSS increases to 1.5–2 bar.
5. The increase in the volume of hot water is compensated by a membrane expansion tank.
6. If the pressure rises above the critical point (usually 3 bar), the safety valve will release excess fluid.
7. Once every 1-2 years, the system must undergo a procedure for emptying and flushing.

The principle of operation of the ZSO of an apartment building is absolutely identical - the movement of the coolant through pipes and radiators is provided by network pumps located in an industrial boiler room. There are also expansion tanks, the temperature is controlled by a mixing or elevator unit.

How a closed heating system works is explained in the video:

Biofuel boilers

If you intend to change the gas heating system to alternative heating of a private house, then there is no need to organize it from scratch. Very often, only the replacement of the boiler is required. The most popular are those boilers that run on solid fuel or electric boilers. Such boilers are not always profitable in terms of coolant costs.

Particular attention should be paid to such boilers that operate on fuels of biological origin. For the operation of the heating system, in the center of which there is a biofuel boiler, special pellets or briquettes are required

However, other materials can also be used, such as:

• granulated peat;
• chips and wood pellets;
• straw pellets.

The main disadvantage is the fact that such alternative heating of a country house can cost much more than a gas boiler and, moreover, briquettes are quite expensive material.

Wood briquettes for heating

A fireplace can be a great alternative solution for organizing such a system as an alternative home heating system. By means of a fireplace, you can heat a house with a small area, but the quality of heating will largely depend on how well the fireplace was arranged.

With geothermal type pumps, even a large house can be heated. For functioning, such alternative methods of heating a private house use the energy of water or earth. Such a system can perform not only a heating function, but also work as an air conditioner. This will be most relevant in the hot months, when the house does not need to be heated, but cooled. This type of heating system is environmentally friendly and does not harm the environment.

Geothermal heating of a private house

Solar alternative heating sources of a country house - collectors, are plates installed on the roof of a building. They collect solar heat and transfer the accumulated energy to the boiler room by means of a heat carrier. A heat exchanger is installed in the storage tank, into which heat enters. After this process, water is heated, which can be used not only for heating the house, but also for various household needs. Modern technologies have made it possible for such alternative types of heating a private house to collect heat even in wet or cloudy weather.

Solar collectors

However, the best effect of such heating systems can only be obtained in warmer and southern areas. In the northern regions, such alternative heating systems for a country house are suitable for organizing an additional heating system, but not the main one.

Of course, this is not the most affordable method, but every year its popularity is only growing. Alternative heating of a cottage in this way is the simplest from the point of view of such a science as physics. Solar panels stand out in an expensive price category because the manufacturing processes for photovoltaic cells are expensive.

Choosing a heating boiler

Any professional will confirm to you the fact that, first of all, when choosing a gas heating boiler, attention must be paid to its power. The power level of the boiler depends on what area it will need to heat.

The most popular are boilers with a capacity of up to 20 kW. In larger houses and cottages, it is more rational to use boilers with a capacity of 20-35 kW.

As for the fuel used as a coolant, gas is most often preferred. Since this resource is the most efficient and at the same time it is characterized by increased rates of efficiency.

Gas heating of private houses is aimed at maintaining a comfortable temperature in the house. The use of gas is very convenient in operation, since this fuel helps to quickly, efficiently and reliably heat rooms of fairly large areas.

In addition, this type of fuel does not require additional costs for the preparation of additional components.

Traditional heating systems

Most often, water or various antifreeze liquids that circulate through pipes are used for heating. The liquid is heated by gas boilers, which can operate on liquid, solid and gas fuels. Recently, electrode and induction boilers have been used as heating elements.

Water heating is popular due to the availability and efficiency of the coolant among the owners of cottages and other suburban housing. The water system is easy to mount on your own. The good news is that the volume of water in the system remains constant.

Disadvantages of water heating in the long time of warming up the room, possible leaks and ruptures of pipes. Do not turn off the water system in winter, as the water will freeze and burst the pipes.

7.2.6 Expansion tanks

7.2.6.1. To compensate for thermal expansion of the coolant in independent heating systems, expansion tanks should be provided.
7.2.6.2. In a water heating system with artificial induction of coolant circulation, open or closed expansion tanks located in the heat generator room can be used. It is recommended to use expansion tanks of diaphragm type with thermal insulation. In a natural induction system, it is recommended to provide an open expansion tank installed above the main riser of the heating system.
7.2.6.3 The required tank capacity is set depending on the volume of the coolant in the heating system. The useful volume of the open tank is recommended to be taken equal to 5% of the capacity of the heating system.

Project

Design is an individual matter.So, for example, a low-rise apartment or a townhouse has a standard layout, and there is no need to think out or change anything. If you plan the heating system of an apartment building, then you should know that it has some differences that allow you to provide weather regulation of heat energy. And with private houses, not everything is so simple. Project examples vary.

The project of heating systems of a two-story private house should include a floor heating plan, which indicates not only the required dimensions, but also other parameters. Nowadays, there are organizations that can draw up three-dimensional drawings of the heating system for both a 2-storey country cottage and a small house. Such companies offer projects of heating systems for rooms up to 1000 m2.

First of all, the correct location of the building as a whole in relation to both electrical and gas external communications is important. The cottage must be in the correct position in relation to the cardinal points

Windows with air ventilation valves should also be installed. It is worth installing a fireplace in the house, which will be an autonomous source of heat energy. In addition, it is recommended to insulate the entire house, including the top floor, so that the heat does not go outside.

The heating project of any private house itself includes the creation of a heat supply structure. It can be air, pipeline, infrared and electric. The choice depends on the preferences of the owner. The design of these structures includes such elements as a boiler, pipeline, batteries, expansion tank, circulation pump.