Causes of increased water consumption

Regulatory water consumption and reasons for exceeding the norm

The daily water requirements of an adult are not strictly normalized due to significant differences in conditions, therefore, more often they talk about the limits of fluctuations, which are 20.0-45.0 ml per kilogram of body weight. The averaged data, which are called when determining the water balance, are distributed as follows:

• The minimum need for a 70-kilogram person per day is about 1700-1750 ml.
• Approximately 650 ml (of which) enters the body with liquid (drinking).
• About 750 ml comes from solid food.
• Approximately 350 ml of the body's water reserves are formed in the ongoing oxidation reactions.

During normal functioning of a healthy body, the excess is usually excreted by the kidneys.

With kidney or heart disease, fluid in the body may linger. In addition, the risk of water intoxication can arise, for example, from excessive consumption of hypotonic solutions (even for short-term consumption) or from significant loss of salt. When a hypotonic solution comes into contact with tissues, the fluid enters the cells, causing them to swell and, if an excessive amount is accumulated, to rupture of the cell membranes.

Hyperhydration as a form of violation of water-salt metabolism manifests itself in the form of edema, including edema of the brain, lungs. Exactly what leads to excessive water intake by patients depends on the specific disease. At risk - people with heart failure, "sitting" on certain diets, creating the preconditions for a lack of trace elements and salts in food.Kidney failure leads to water intoxication associated with a violation of the volume and composition of the extracellular sector, which affects the metabolism in cells and provokes the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. This, in turn, leads to the release of active substances and their entry into the extracellular sector. With excessive water consumption in the amount of about 3 liters per hour, uremic intoxication develops sharply, leading to:

• decrease in the concentration of potassium ions in human blood (hypokalemia),
• edema of the lungs and / or brain.

In general, there are 6 types of hyperhydration, including:

• General intoxication - actually "water poisoning" with an excess of drinking and insufficient removal of fluid.
• Hyperosmotic - observed, for example, with the forced use of salty sea water.
• Cellular, in which edema develops directly in tissue cells.
• extracellular, etc.

Communal payments. Recalculation

Situations in which it is necessary to check the correctness of the accrual:

Overpayment. This happens due to incorrect data. water metering device or errors of an employee who processes payments. If the meter is correct, then in this case, you can recalculate the payment.

To receive a refund, you will need to:

• Take your copy of the inspection report, which indicated the fact of the presence of surpluses.
• Write an application for a recalculation.
• Send papers to a special department of your service company. Do not forget to get confirmation of the fact of acceptance of documents.

If you submitted the information correctly, then on the next receipt you will see the due difference.

Numbers on the counter

The last three links represent liters of water consumed. The first five refer to cubic meters.

After reaching 999, the last three cells are reset to zero, and the fifth cell drops to the number 1. When water is used, reaching the number 9 in the cell causes the left quadrant to go to +1.

What numbers should be taken into account when sending meter readings

When sending meter readings to the water supply system, the data from the first five cells should be saved. The last three don't need to be registered, but you can round up the fifth digit to your account.

Example. If the data on the meter is marked as 00213 621, then the following data can be transmitted to the water service: 00213 or so: 00214 to round up to liters.

Water measurement

If you are using a new meter, the monthly water consumption is not required for the calculation, it is displayed in the first five cells and corresponds to cubic meters. If the reading is not taken the first time, the previous reading must be subtracted from the new meter reading.

Example. If the following data is marked on the meter: 00213 621, and in the last reading period: 00208 002, then the consumption can be calculated by simply subtracting: 00214 (including rounding to liters) - 00208 = 6 cubic meters.

When transmitting data on the water used, the readings of the cold and hot water meters are added together, and the readings of the hot water meters are indicated as water heating in cubic meters.

Example. If the water flow in the cold meter is 6 inches m, and in the hot 2 cu. m, then the consumption of cold water is calculated as follows: 6 cubic meters. m + 2 cu. m = 8 cu. m. Water is heated in a volume of 2 inches. m

Waste water is charged for the amount of hot and cold water used together, i.e. will be 8 cu. m

About the film about the correct reading of water meters

It is easy to take into account the water consumption according to the meter readings. Readings transmitted to the water supply system should be recorded to facilitate measurement in the next period.

Transferring water meter readings is the procedure by which resource consumption is calculated. Timely and correct provision of information ensures payment at a single rate, which eliminates the occurrence of disputes with the management company or organization providing resources.

Step-by-step instructions for calculating the consumption of hot and cold water in an apartment

When installing metering devices, you should inform the management company or the resource supply organization (depending on who the consumption contract is concluded with) about their presence in the apartment. After that, you need to report the initial readings on the counters. These will be the first 5 digits of the black segment of the scale.

Further actions:

1. The previous or initial ones are subtracted from the last readings. The resulting figure is the water consumption for a certain period in cubic meters.
2. Transfer current testimony to the Criminal Code in person, by phone or electronically ().
3. Multiply the number of cubes consumed by the tariff of 1 m3 of cold water. The amount payable will be obtained, which, ideally, should converge with the amount in the receipt from the Criminal Code.

The calculation formula looks like this: NP - PP \u003d PKV (m3) PKV X tariff \u003d CO, where:

• NP - real testimony;
• PP - previous readings;
• PCV - consumed amount of water in cubic meters;
• SO - the amount to be paid.

Rate to cold water consists of two tariffs: for water disposal and water consumption. You can find out each of them on the website of the water supply organization or your management company.

For example: a new meter for cold water is installed in the apartment.The scale of the metering device consists of 8 digits - five on a black background and 3 on a red one. The initial readings during installation are 00002175. Of these, the black numbers are 00002. They should be transferred along with information about installing the meter to the Criminal Code.

A month later, the numbers 00008890 appeared on the counter. Of these:

• 00008 on black scale;
• 890 - on red.

890 is a volume exceeding 500 liters, so 1 should be added to the last digit of the black scale. Thus, the figure 00009 is obtained on the dark sector. This data is transmitted to the Criminal Code.

Consumption calculation: 9-2=7. This means that in a month the family members “drank and poured out” 7 cubic meters of water. Next, we multiply the quantity by the tariff, we get the amount payable.

• take readings (all numbers up to the red scale) from the counter;
• round the last number to one, discarding or adding liters of the red part of the scale;
• subtract current readings from previous readings;
• multiply the resulting number by the rate.

An example of a calculation using a meter of the 2nd type with a scale of 5 digits and three displays of displacement: in the receipt for the last month, the last reading of the hot water meter is 35 cubic meters. On the day of data collection, the scale numbers are 37 cubic meters. m.

On the far right of the dial, the pointer is on the number 2. The next display shows the number 8. The last of the measuring windows shows the number 4.

Consumed in liters:

• 200 liters, according to the first circular scale (it shows hundreds);
• 80 liters - on the second (shows dozens);
• 4 liters - readings of the third scale, which shows units.

Total for the billing period, the consumption of hot water amounted to 2 cubic meters. m. and 284 liters. Since 284 liters is less than 0.5 cubic meters of water, this figure should simply be discarded.

When transferring data to Vodokanal or UK, indicate the last reading - 37. To find out the amount payable - multiply the number by the tariff.

Accounting for other parameters

The consumption rates for SNiP described in the literature and the Internet may differ from the actual ones.

This figure is influenced by a number of factors.

The main ones are:

1. The purpose of visiting the shower. If you need to thoroughly wash, then this will add 100-150% to the average rate. And in order to take a refreshing shower on a hot summer day, the equivalent of one 10-liter bucket is enough.
2. Technical condition of plumbing. Now new shower sets with horns (watering cans) are being produced, which allow you to hold elastic jets of water, regulate pressure and temperature automatically and at the same time significantly save fluid consumption. Old designs, for which regulatory data were written, provide less resource savings. If there is a defect in the equipment, it is likely that water will flow out of the system even when the tap is turned off.
3. If you follow the recommendations of turning off the watercourse during soaping, leaving the shower for a certain period and immediately after the end of the procedure, then these actions provide additional savings in fluid consumption.

Instruments and devices for measuring or adjusting

Various devices can be used to measure and regulate water pressure in various systems and pumping stations.

pressure gauge

This device is necessary directly for measuring water pressure. The principle of its operation is based on the fact that the measured indicator is balanced by a special membrane or spring.

Find a complete overview of the device here.

Relay

This is a device that is necessary to automatically turn on / off the equipment of the pumping station in cases where the water pressure changes.

The relay has a lower and upper threshold at which it operates.

If the water pressure drops to the lower limit, then the relay closes the contacts and works to supply power to the pump.

If the pressure reaches the upper value, then the relay contacts open, the power supply is turned off.

To do this, the relay has a flexible membrane, under the influence of pressure it bends. And to resist the pressure there is a special spring. The degree of its compression is regulated by a nut, which is also used to regulate the relay as a whole.

Stabilizer

This the device is like a pressure regulator, is a shut-off valve controlled by an electric drive. Stabilizes the pressure in the system.

We talked about the stabilizer in detail in this article.

limiter

The limiter is, in principle, the same as the reducer, since the device not only stabilizes, but also reduces pressure.

Read more about water pressure limiters here.

Reducer/regulator

The reducer is a compact device in a metal case, which is connected to the water supply network to stabilize and reduce pressure. It can be electronic or automatic. The principle of its operation is based on equalizing the force of the spring and the diaphragm.

You can read more details here.

Boosting pump

This device increases the water pressure in an apartment or in a private house.

This is a hydraulic device that converts the energy of the motor into the energy of the H2O flow and increases the pressure.

Household pumps are circulating and self-priming.Often they are installed in the system along with a hydraulic accumulator.

Read our detailed article about the types and principles of operation of pumps.

Sensor

This is a device that measures and controls water pressure, regulating the operation of the system as a whole. In fact, the relay described above performs the same functions.

Valve

This is a device that increases the safety of using the plumbing system. It is similar in principle to the gearbox described above.

Consumption depending on the model

Washing machine companies determine how much water the tank should fill with water.

Comment! The more modern the model, the more efficient its mode of operation and the more competently resources are spent. Some manufacturers equip the equipment with the laundry weighing function.

Household brand	Average volumes of water consumed	Characteristics of models and washing programs
LG	From 7.5 to 56 liters, depending on the filling level of the tank, LG equipment has eight of them.	Washing modes are calculated based on the types of fabrics, each of them absorbs water differently. The recommended tank loading can be 2, 3 or 5 kg, so that the machine is filled to low, medium or high.
INDESIT	From 42 to 52 liters per 5 kg of laundry	Water consumption depends on the program. Washing options are clearly indicated on the body of the washing machine. All modes are numbered and divided by tissue types. Most models have an Eco Time function that saves resources.
SAMSUNG	From 39 to 50 l	The brand produces equipment with great water savings. But consumers note that it is necessary to choose the right model. So, a machine with a depth of 35 cm can become unprofitable for a family of 4, since it will have to be launched more times.
Bosch	From 40 to 50 liters per 5 kg of laundry	Modern models have a significant advantage: thanks to the automatic laundry weighing function, they can reduce water consumption.

Some models of top-loading washing machines of various brands can consume several times more resources than side-loading appliances.

What has changed in 2020 compared to what it was

Previously, the law did not speak of any spending norms in the Russian Federation, however, as now, there were many citizens who did not install meters. Everyone paid the bills for the water supply that the whole house used up. Then the final price of housing and communal services for providing water supply was determined as follows:

• The total amount of water consumed by the residents of the house was determined, relying on a common house meter. The measuring device must be registered, only then all calculations are made strictly according to the data that it displays. With the established standard, payment for water without a meter is considered separately for each type of water supply.
• From the amount of consumption received on the common house meter, the indicators of those residents who have a meter in their own apartments were taken away (they must give readings once a month before the set date). For those who have it, water standards are not taken into account in any way. The data is transferred strictly upon the fact to the EIRC.
• Based on the volume that turned out as a result, according to certain formulas, the total price for services was calculated.
• Before the introduction of standards for water consumption per person without a meter, the cost of the substance that went to general house services was added to the price received.They accounted for 5% of the cost of cubic meters that all the residents of the house used up.
• The final figure was divided among all the residents of the house, who for some reason did not install meters.

It is worth noting that residents of multi-storey buildings, in which all technical systems are in proper condition and are constantly maintained, pay less than those living in old houses, where defects and rust have already formed on the pipes.

Until the introduction of the norm for water consumption without a meter, citizens paid much more than they do now. The difference is 3-5 times. Government innovations are aimed at protecting citizens from overpayments. However, everyone should be aware that the standard does not necessarily indicate that exactly this amount of water will be used. Residents often use less than this figure. You can pay an amount equal to the actual water consumed only by installing meters for cold and hot water.

Consequences of non-compliance

Any deviation from the standard, whether up or down, has a negative impact.

With insufficient indicators, difficulties arise:

• with the connection and subsequent operation of household appliances (washing machine and dishwasher);
• using showers, jacuzzis, bidets, hydromassage devices;
• with flush in the toilet;
• with irrigation of plant crops (in the private sector it is impossible to organize a process at a water pressure below 3.5 atmospheres);
• with the functionality of a private heating system (minimum requirements for the operation of the boiler: 1.5 bar; the average device operates at 3 bar).

If the pressure significantly exceeds the norm, then this can lead to wear of the elements of the water supply system, failure of devices connected to the water supply network and irrational use of water, followed by an increase in bills for the service.

Reference! For most plumbing fixtures, pressure above 4.5 atmospheres is critical. Breakdowns resulting from strong pressure are not serviced under the warranty card.

Reason 17. Clutch wear

As the clutch discs wear, the lack of friction is compensated by a simple mechanism. However, when wear reaches a critical level, the clutch begins to slip. Accordingly, part of the energy generated by the engine is wasted. And fuel consumption is rising.

There are three ways to determine increased wear on clutch discs. First, the characteristic smell. When the clutch often slips under load, a sharp smell appears due to overheating of the discs, which over time is felt even in the car interior. Secondly, wear and tear can be felt if there is some experience in driving a particular car. When you press the gas, the acceleration and responsiveness of the engine decreases. That is, the momentum is gaining normally, but there is no intensive acceleration. The third way to determine critical disc wear is to disassemble and inspect the clutch mechanism.

What are the benefits of using meters

Everything is pretty simple. The norms for the use of resources, established at the federal level, actually exceed the required amount consumed by each person.For example, the water consumption standard for an apartment building per person is 4.85 m3 of cold water and 4.01 m3 of hot water.

This means that the average family of 3 people consumes 14.55 m3 of cold water and 12.03 m3 of hot water according to the standards. By multiplying these values ​​by the tariff and a multiplier of 1.6, you can get a rather impressive amount to be paid.

How long do you need to keep utility bills, see this article.

In reality, the same family consumes a few cubic meters less of both hot and cold water. By installing water meters in an apartment, you pay only for the amount of resources actually consumed. In addition, no additional coefficient applies to you.

How much to pay if there is no metering device, see this video:

As a result, you save a significant amount every month. On average, the installation of meters pays off in about six months. For more information on hot and cold water consumption standards, as well as current rates can be obtained at website of the Unified Settlement Center.

So, from January 2020, all citizens who have not yet installed metering devices will face a significant increase in the cost of paying utility bills in the form of a coefficient of 1.6. And since both the prices for services themselves and the multiplying factor are constantly growing, you should seriously think about installing meters in your home.

Signs of increased water intake

Do you fit into the limits of the allowable amount of fluid intake, or should you still slow down a little, easily even by eye for several visual signs. Objective signs that you still drink water too often include the following:

Do you always hold a bottle of water in your hands?

It is worth worrying if you carry a bottle with you everywhere, and constant drinking has become a serious habit for you. Excess water reduces the level of minerals in the blood, which are important electrolytes.

There may be problems with the nervous system, muscles, blood pressure, heart, sometimes even clouded consciousness.

You drink water when you're not thirsty

If you are drawn to water simply because it is healthy and you need to drink more water, stop doing it. Your body has its own built-in mechanism that tells it what it really needs.

The sign of the need for water is thirst, it is quite normal to quench it with a glass of water: it is dangerous to allow an intense thirst that lasts for hours - this should be avoided because it can lead to dehydration.

Your urine becomes colorless

Urine is an important indicator of health status. Its color, texture and smell indicate the presence or absence of problems in the body.

The clear, colorless and odorless consistency suggests that it contains almost no dissolved waste, meaning it is too dilute due to excessive water in the body. This is harmful: toxins remain in the body and poison it.

You go to the toilet too often

Frequent urination can be a sign of a urinary tract infection, but it is also an indicator of too much fluid intake.

You feel dizzy, nauseous, or throwing up

Symptoms of overhydration are similar to those of dehydration. When you drink too much water, your kidneys become unable to remove excess fluid from your body, so symptoms of nausea and vomiting begin to appear.They mean that you may have become a victim of water intoxication.

Do you often experience headaches?

Headaches can be caused by various reasons. Two of the possible causes are dehydration and overhydration, and their symptoms are similar.

With too much fluid in the body, the concentration of water in each of its cells also increases, including an increase in the level of fluid in the cranium and spinal cord. This causes increased pressure on the brain, which, in turn, leads to pain, clouding of consciousness, difficulty breathing, impaired brain and neurological functions.

You have swelling

One of the most noticeable signs of too much retained fluid in the body is swelling - both the legs with hands and the face can swell. In this case, an increase in blood pressure is also possible.

You suffer from muscle weakness and cramps

When the level of fluid in the body is high, the electrolyte balance is disturbed: the connection between the nervous system and the muscles becomes difficult, which leads to muscle weakness, convulsions, and heart rhythm disturbances.

It must be remembered that we are talking about the use of plain water, but it is not recommended to drink fruit juices every day.

Norms and tariffs by city for 2019

The above rates are an average. At the same time, this indicator differs for different regions of Russia. Also, these values ​​\u200b\u200bmay be different depending on the type of house - they differ for private and multi-apartment buildings. Rates vary depending on the characteristics of the territory.

Consider the prices for water set in different cities of Russia. All the necessary information is presented in the table below.

City	cold water	DHW
m3/person	rub. per 1 m3	m3/person	rub. per 1 m3
Moscow	6,935	38,06	4,745	188,53
St. Petersburg	5,36	25	3,89	100
Novosibirsk	5,193	—	3,687	89,11
Krasnodar	4,04	—	2,65	—
Yekaterinburg	5,62	—	5,04	—
Ufa	6,365	12,5	2,582	57,2
Rostov-on-Don	6,5	—	—	—
Chelyabinsk	4,25	—	3,11	—
Voronezh	5,1	—	3,07	—
Permian	5,6	31,6	3,4	152,2
Kazan	6,73	—	3,44	—
Samara	7,9	27,1	3,6	130,2

In places where a dash is indicated, the exact data is unknown.

How to find out the exact data?

When buying household appliances, the buyer receives a technical passport. The manufacturer is obliged to indicate in it the characteristics of the product. For washing machines, one of the points necessarily relates to indicators of average water consumption.

Advice! If the actual water consumption significantly exceeds the figures given in the data sheet, this is an occasion to contact the master in order to diagnose the technician for a malfunction.

Often, breakdowns lead to overspending of resources:

• bay valve;
• water level sensor;
• relay;
• water flow controller.

To control the water supply in the washing machine yourself, you can focus on the average consumption when loading 2-3 kg of laundry into the tank:

Operation	Consumption
Wash	12 l
I rinse	12 l
II rinse	15 l
3rd rinse	15 l

How to read the counter correctly

Now, after analyzing the meaning of the numbers on the dashboard, we will go through step by step, how to take readings from the water meter. The numbers in black are written in order from first to last on a separate piece of paper or notebook. In this case, pay attention to the red numbers. If more than 500 liters are used, the last number of cubic meters is rounded up. Subtracted readings for the previous month. The resulting number will be the number of cubic meters of water for which payment is made. Subtracted readings for the previous month. The resulting number will be the number of cubic meters of water for which payment is made

Subtracted readings for the previous month. The resulting number will be the number of cubic meters of water for which payment is made.

The number of cubic meters is multiplied by the tariff for the supply of water, we get the amount payable, which is entered in the receipt or payment book.

From my own well

Private houses that are not connected to the central water supply are provided with water from a well. In addition to the reasons discussed above, a decrease in pressure may occur due to breakdowns in the station that produces water.

Station repair

When the pressure power drops in a house where water supply is provided through a well, the first thing to check is the correct operation of the station. Interruptions in the operation of the station can occur for various reasons and manifest themselves in various ways.

The main types of faults include:

1. Breakdown of the relay or regulator. It manifests itself in the form of pressure surges, or its decrease, or a complete shutdown of the supply.

   It should be remembered that a breakdown of the regulator can be caused by oxidation of the contacts and malfunctions of the control board, therefore, in this situation, you need to turn off the station and make prompt repairs to avoid a short circuit.

2. Pump failure. As a rule, pumps break as a result of the failure of other parts of the system. Replacement required.
3. Battery failure. Occurs due to rupture of the membrane. In this case, it is replaced.
4. Tank contamination. During operation, dirt can accumulate inside the tank. This is an infrequent situation, it occurs when excessive silt accumulates in the well and the pump falls to the bottom, which leads to excess pressure and clogging of the accumulator.
5. Check valve failure. The problem manifests itself in the form of cyclic pressure surges.

In the event of a malfunction in the operation of the station, you should contact specialists to repair the system and replace faulty elements.

With the correct operation of the station, the water flow in a private house can be strengthened by additional methods, such as installing a pump and a tank.

Cleaning and replacing filters

A very common cause of problems is filter contamination. This applies both to the filter located at the entrance of the pipes to the house, and to the filters installed in front of the water outlets.

What to do:

• if a problem occurs, the cleaning filters should be checked for contamination;
• if necessary, the filters should be cleaned of deposits, and also replaced in time in case of a malfunction.

Installing an additional pump

If cleaning the filters did not give a significant effect and stronger pressure is required, then it is worth taking additional measures to increase it.

The easiest and most economical method increasing water pressure - this is the installation of an additional booster pump. This device independently monitors the pressure indicators and turns on when it falls.

The pump enhances the suction of water from the source and sends a more powerful flow to the outlet. There are pumps of various price categories and capacities on the market.

How to choose the right model:

1. When choosing a pump, the required power must be taken into account. It must meet the needs of the system.

   There is no need for excessive pressure: firstly, a pump with excess power is a waste of money, and secondly, household appliances fail faster due to excess pressure.

   For most houses, the standard is a pressure of about two atmospheres - no less, but without significant excesses.

2. The pump is installed between the hydraulic accumulator tank and water consuming devices. Take into account the location of the pump relative to the direction of flow, it is indicated in the documentation for the pump. Connections must be sealed.
3. After installation, the operation of the pump is checked. If the pressure has increased, then the process is done in the right way.

storage capacity

If the problem is low water flow into the room, the solution will not only be to clean the filters and increase the pressure in the pipes, but also to ensure a continuous flow.

A device such as a storage tank can help with this. The essence of his work is simple - water from the well accumulates in the tank, and from there it flows through pipes to the taps.

The tank is filled automatically, and when the taps are opened or consumer devices are turned on, it dispenses water using a pump.

How to choose a tank:

• you should choose a tank, starting from the rate of water consumption, it is better to choose a container, the volume of which will be equal to the daily consumption, or even more;
• when using a tank, a bypass should also be installed in the system - this is necessary so that in the event of a breakdown in the operation of the station, the system can be deactivated without the need to shut off the water supply;
• it is necessary to regularly clean the tank, as harmful microorganisms and deposits accumulate in it over time.

Reasons for the increase in power

An uncontrolled increase in pressure is an emergency.

May be due to:

• faulty automatic control of the fuel supply process;
• the boiler operates in manual high combustion mode and is not switched to medium or low combustion;
• battery tank malfunction;
• feed faucet failure.

The main reason is overheating of the coolant. What can be done?

1. The operation of the boiler and automation should be checked. In manual mode, reduce the fuel supply.
2. If the pressure gauge reading is critically high, drain some of the water until the reading drops into the working area. Next, check the readings.
3. If there are no boiler malfunctions, check the condition of the storage tank. It accepts the volume of water that increases when heated. If the damping rubber cuff of the tank is damaged, or there is no air in the air chamber, it will completely fill with water. When heated, the coolant will have nowhere to be displaced, and the increase in water pressure will be significant.

Checking the tank is easy. You need to press the nipple in the valve to fill the tank with air. If there is no air hiss, then the cause is a loss of air pressure. If water appears, the membrane is damaged.

A dangerous increase in power can lead to the following consequences:

• damage to heating elements, up to rupture;
• overheating of water, when a crack appears in the boiler structure, instantaneous vaporization will occur, with the release of energy equal in power to an explosion;
• irreversible deformation of the elements of the boiler, heating and bringing them into an unusable state.

The most dangerous is the explosion of the boiler. At high pressure, water can be heated to a temperature of 140 C without boiling. When the slightest crack appears in the boiler heat exchanger jacket or even in the heating system next to the boiler, the pressure drops sharply.

Superheated water, with a sharp decrease in pressure, instantly boils with the formation of steam throughout the volume.The pressure instantly rises from vaporization, and this can lead to an explosion.

At high pressure and water temperature above 100 C, power must not be abruptly reduced near the boiler. Do not fill the firebox with water: cracks may appear from a strong temperature drop.

It is necessary to take measures to reduce the temperature and smoothly reduce the pressure by draining the coolant in small portions at a far point from the boiler.

If the water temperature is below 95 C, corrected for the error of the thermometer, then the pressure is reduced by the discharge of part of the water from the system. In this case, vaporization will not occur.

Physical properties

Water pressure has different physical properties. Which?

At a depth

As you dive deeper, the water pressure will increase. The following formula is used here:

Р = ρ × g × h, moreover:

1. ρ is the density of water,
2. g is the average acceleration for free fall, which is taken equal to 9.81 s / sq.s (or even 10 for rough calculations),
3. h is the depth for which the calculations are performed.

Freezing point of pressurized water

In general, with increasing pressure, the freezing point drops, down to negative temperatures. For example, with an indicator of 2 atm, water freezes not at 0 ° C, but at -2 ° C, but at a pressure of 3 atm - at -4 ° C.

Strength

It is known from the school course that this concept reflects such a phenomenon as the force that water poured into a vessel exerts on its bottom. That is, the force is considered as the weight of a water column of a certain height with a base area the same as that of this vessel.

Read more about pressure here.

How does the H2O flow rate depend on the pressure and pipe diameter

The dependency formula is rather complicated.But in general terms, we can say that the smaller the diameter of the pipe, the higher the resistance of its walls and the lower the pressure.

Thus, with a larger diameter water pipes, water is transported faster and with less pressure loss, but the flow rate is also higher.

Idling contact

Due to its incorrect service, it is able to influence the excessive revolutions produced by the engine. An incorrect setting of the primary adjustment can finally affect the activity of the "engine", regardless of the mode in which it operates.

On modern car models, the plate is missing, it was replaced by a stepping device.

The idle contact is controlled by a computer: on older modifications, the computer simply supplies 12 V to the throttle, which edits the location of a special bimetallic device, which, in turn, adjusts the position of a special plate, and it already converts the cross-sectional diameter for the inflow of additional air into the accumulator.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Roller #1. How to choose a power station. In the video you can learn about the features of choosing a power station with a hydraulic accumulator:

Roller #2. The video describes the main points when installing a pressure pump:

As you can see, it is not difficult to raise the pressure in the water supply. To solve the problem, a pressure pump or a special pumping station is used. If it is possible to carry out the installation of the pump on your own, then the installation of the station should be entrusted to professionals.

Do you have personal experience with improving water pressure? Want to share actionable methods or ask questions about a topic? Please leave comments - the feedback form is located below.