Heating of supply ventilation in an apartment: types of heaters, features of their choice and installation

Installation and operation

Installation of heaters in home supply and ventilation systems can be done independently. Household heaters are small and light enough. However, before performing work, you should still check the wall or ceiling for strength.The strongest bases are concrete and brick surfaces, the middle ones are wooden, and plasterboard partitions are completely unsuitable supports for hanging appliances.

Installation of the heater begins with the installation of a bracket or frame that has a number of compatible holes for mounting the device. Then the device itself is installed on them and pipes equipped with a set of shutoff valves or a mixing unit are connected.

The heat exchanger is connected to the heating system circuit using fittings or welding. The welded method is more preferable, however, in the presence of a flexible connection, its use is not possible. After connecting, it is recommended to treat all connections with a heat-resistant sealant, and before carrying out the first test, remove air accumulations from the channels, check the valves and adjust the position of the louvers.

After successful testing and commissioning of ventilation, it is important to follow a number of rules that will extend the life of the unit and make the system easy and safe to operate.

• It is necessary to regularly monitor the condition of the air in the room.
• Do not allow the temperature of the liquid in water appliances to rise above 190 degrees.
• The operating pressure of the system should be controlled and not allowed to rise above 1.2 MPa.
• The first start of the system, as well as turning on the heater after a long break, must be done very carefully. Heating should be increased gradually, no more than 30 degrees per hour.
• When operating water appliances, the indoor air temperature must not be allowed to drop below 0 degrees. Otherwise, the water in the pipes will freeze and break the system.
• When installing electric heaters in rooms with high humidity, the level of moisture protection of the device must comply with class IP 66.

The right choice of air heater for the supply ventilation system will ensure uniform and efficient heating of the incoming air masses and make your stay in the room pleasant and comfortable.

Choice of location and installation features

Before installing duct ventilation, a system design should be drawn up. It should indicate the installation site of the launcher itself, the location of air ducts, ventilation grilles, etc.

It is important to take into account the direction of air flow. The place of entry of fresh air masses should be residential premises, such as a living room, study, bedroom, etc.

As a result, unpleasant odors from the bathroom or kitchen will not enter the living rooms, but will be immediately removed through the exhaust grilles. Air streams can intersect with each other, reflect from the surface of furniture, etc.

It is better to think over these points in advance so that the trajectory of the movement of air flows is as efficient as possible.

In winter, the heating temperature of the air coming from the street must be correlated with the amount of heat in the room. If the house is well heated, air heating can be left at a minimum level.

But if for some reason the power of the heating system is not enough, the injected air should be warmed up more strongly.

This diagram shows the correct movement of air masses during ventilation: fresh air enters the living quarters, and exhaust flows are removed through grilles in the kitchen and bathroom

When choosing a supply unit, you should decide on the purchase and installation of additional fine filters.Typically, such devices are equipped with class G4 filters, which are capable of retaining relatively large contaminants.

If there is a need or desire to get rid of fine dust, you will need another filter unit, for example, class F7. It is installed in the system after the supply installation.

Each supply ventilation unit has a coarse filter. Replacement of filters is carried out through the inspection hatch, to which there must be free access

If the supply ventilation unit is not equipped with fine filters, then they are purchased separately.

Even if the owners of the house for some reason refused to install such elements, it is still recommended to provide a place in the system in case such installation is needed in the future.

The launcher must be installed in such a way that it is accessible for regular maintenance and periodic repairs.

Particular attention should be paid to the location of the inspection hatch through which the filters are replaced. The hatch should open freely, leaving enough space for manipulation with the filter elements.

When installing the supply ventilation, you will need a special tool and a diamond drill to drill the wall. Hole sizes can be up to 200mm

When installing the PU, it is necessary to drill the outer wall. A perforator is usually not suitable for such work; work is performed with a diamond drill with constant water cooling.

In order not to damage the interior decoration of the room, it is better to drill from the outside.

Schemes and drawings

Before installation, a system diagram is drawn up.The drawing must contain data on the dimensions of the air ducts, the direction of air movement, the location of dampers, grilles, filters and other elements.

When drawing up a plan, follow several rules:

• air moves from clean rooms to polluted ones, for example, from a nursery to a bathroom, etc .;
• supply valves are installed wherever there is no exhaust;
• Air ducts along the entire length of the system must have the same diameter, its changes are unacceptable.

Supply ventilation schemes should provide for the organization of air exchange in the attic, basement and other auxiliary premises.

Calculations

First, the required power of the system is calculated. It is necessary to take into account the area and layout of the premises, its purpose, the number of storeys of the building, the number of people, equipment (computer, industrial).

The air exchange rate is calculated according to formulas or taken from building codes. The availability of equipment will also affect the desired temperature of air heating in the supply ventilation.

Mounting

First, prepare a place for heated ventilation and drill a hole into the street. An air duct is inserted inside, the slots are foamed. The pipe must have a larger diameter than the fan. A fan is installed in it.

Lay channels for wires and connect ventilation to the mains. If necessary, you can connect it to a switch so that it starts working when the light comes on in the room.

Lastly, additional details are installed: noise absorbers, filters, temperature sensors, grilles.

In what cases is forced ventilation with air heating used?

Fresh air ventilation is different in that it takes air from outside, unlike most air conditioning systems.As a result, the air is not only cooled or heated, but also enriched with oxygen. Supply ventilation with air heating is used in those rooms where clean and warm air is needed constantly.

It can work perfectly both in an apartment, and in a private house, and in a production room. The special design does not allow mixing of already exhausted air from the room and fresh heated air. This is both an air purification and heating system. The supply valve in the heated wall is most often mounted in apartments and private houses where there are plastic windows, since natural ventilation is impossible with them.

Types of systems

The supply ventilation unit with air heating is available in several types. It can be central ventilation, which will heat a large industrial premises, or an office center, or it can be individual, for example, in an apartment or in a private house.

In addition, all heated ventilation systems are divided into the following types:

1. With recovery. In fact, this is a heat exchange system, when the incoming masses come into contact with the outgoing masses and exchange heat. This option is suitable only for regions with not very cold winters. These systems are referred to as passive ventilation circuits. It is best to place them near the radiators.
2. Water. Such a heated supply works either from a boiler or from a central heating battery. Its main advantage is energy savings. Supply ventilation with water heating of air is especially popular with consumers.
3. Electrical.Requires significant electricity consumption. According to the principle of operation, this is a simple electric heating element that heats the air with its constant movement.

Supply ventilation can also differ in the way air is forced into the room. There are natural options, and there are forced ones, when air is taken in with the help of fans. The types of ventilation also differ according to the type of control. These can be manual models or automatic, which are controlled using a remote control or from a special application on the phone.

Criteria for choosing heaters

When choosing a heater, in addition to heating capacity, air volume capacity and heat exchange surface, it is necessary to determine the criteria listed below.

With or without fan

The main task of a heater with a fan is to create a warm air flow for heating a room. To drive air through the tube plates is the function of the fan. In the event of an emergency situation with a fan failure, the circulation of water through the tubes must be stopped.

Shape and material of tubes

The basis of the heating element of the air heater is a steel tube from which the section grate is assembled. There are three tube designs:

• smooth-tube - ordinary tubes are located next to each other, the heat transfer is the lowest possible;
• lamellar - plates are pressed onto smooth tubes to increase the heat transfer area.
• bimetallic - steel or copper tubes with a wound aluminum tape of complex shape. Heat dissipation in this case is most efficient, copper tubes are more heat-conducting.

Minimum required power

To determine the minimum heating power, you can use a fairly simple calculation given in the comparative calculation between radiators and heaters earlier. But since the heaters not only radiate thermal energy, but also drive the air through the fan, there is a more accurate way to determine the power, taking into account the tabular coefficients. For a car dealership with dimensions of 50x20x6 m:

1. Car dealership air volume V = 50 * 20 * 6 = 6,000 m3 (need to be heated in 1 hour).
2. Outdoor temperature Tul = -20⁰C.
3. Temperature in the cabin Tcom = +20⁰C.
4. Air density, p = 1.293 kg / m3 at an average temperature (-20⁰C + 20⁰C) / 2 = 0. Air specific heat, s = 1009 J / (kg * K) at an outside temperature of -20⁰C - from the table.
5. Air capacity G = L*p = 6,000*1.293 = 7,758 m3/h.
6. Minimum power according to the formula: Q (kW) \u003d G / 3600 * c * (Tcom - Tul) \u003d 7758/3600 * 1009 * 40 \u003d 86.976 kW.
7. With a power reserve of 15%, the minimum required heat output = 100.02 kW.

Kinds

Heaters for supply ventilation are classified according to the type of heat source and are water, steam and electric.

water models

They are used in all types of ventilation systems and can have two- and three-row versions. The devices are installed in the ventilation systems of rooms with an area exceeding 150 square meters. This type of heaters is absolutely fireproof and the least energy-consuming, which is due to the possibility of using water from the heating system as a coolant.

The principle of operation of water heaters is as follows: outdoor air is taken through the air intake grilles and fed through the air duct to the coarse filters.There, the air masses are cleaned of dust, insects and small mechanical debris, and enter the heater. A copper heat exchanger is installed in the heater body, consisting of links arranged in a checkerboard pattern and equipped with aluminum plates. The plates significantly increase the heat transfer of the copper coil, which significantly increases the efficiency of the device. The coolant flowing through the coil can be water, antifreeze, or a water-glycol solution.

Cold air flows passing through the heat exchanger take heat from metal surfaces and transfer it to the room. The use of water heaters allows heating air flows up to 100 degrees, which provides ample opportunities for their use in sports facilities, shopping centers, underground parking lots, warehouses and greenhouses.

Along with obvious advantages, water models have a number of disadvantages. The disadvantages of the devices include the risk of water freezing in pipes with a sharp drop in temperature, and the inability to use heating in the summer, when the heating system is not functioning.

Steam models

They are installed at the enterprises of the industrial sector, where it is possible to produce a large amount of steam for technical needs. Such air heaters are not used in domestic supply ventilation systems. Steam acts as the heat carrier of these installations, which explains the instantaneous heating of the passing flows and the high efficiency of steam heaters.

To prevent this from happening, all heat exchangers are subjected to a tightness test during the production process. Tests are carried out with jets of cold air supplied at a pressure of 30 bar.In this case, the heat exchanger is placed in a tank with warm water.

Electrical Models

They are the simplest type of heaters, and are installed in ventilation systems serving small spaces. Unlike heaters of water and steam types, the electric heater does not involve the arrangement of additional communications. To connect them, it is enough to have a 220 V socket nearby. The principle of operation of electric heaters does not differ from the principle of operation of other heaters and consists in heating the air masses passing through the heating elements.

Even with a slight decrease in this indicator, the electric heating element overheats and breaks. More expensive models are equipped with bimetallic thermal switches that turn off the element in case of obvious overheating.

The advantages of electric heaters are simple installation, no need for plumbing, and independence from the heating season. The disadvantages include high energy consumption and inappropriate installation in powerful ventilation systems serving large spaces.

Kinds

On what grounds can heaters be classified?

Heat source

It can be used as:

1. Electricity.
2. Heat generated by an individual heating boiler, boiler house or CHP and delivered to the heater by a coolant.

Let's analyze both schemes in a little more detail.

An electric air heater for forced ventilation is, as a rule, several tubular electric heaters (heaters) with fins pressed onto them to increase the heat exchange area. The electric power of such devices can reach hundreds of kilowatts.

With a power of 3.5 kW or more, they are connected not to a socket, but directly to the shield with a separate cable; from 7 kW power supply from 380 volts is highly recommended.

In the photo - domestic electric heater ECO.

What are the advantages of an electric heater for ventilation against the background of a water one?

• Ease of installation. Agree that it is much easier to bring a cable to a heating device than to organize the circulation of a coolant in it.
• The absence of problems with the thermal insulation of the eyeliner. Losses in the power cable due to its own electrical resistance are two orders of magnitude less than heat losses in a pipeline with any coolant.
• Easy temperature setting. In order for the supply air temperature to be constant, it is enough to mount a simple control circuit with a temperature sensor in the power supply circuit of the heater. For comparison, a system of water heaters will force you to solve the problems of coordinating the air temperature, coolant and boiler power.

Does the power supply have disadvantages?

1. The price of an electric device is slightly higher than a water one. For example, a 45-kilowatt electric heater can be bought for 10-11 thousand rubles; a water heater of the same power will cost only 6-7 thousand.
2. More importantly, when using direct heating with electricity, the operating costs are outrageous. To heat the coolant that transfers heat to the air heating water system, the heat of combustion of gas, coal or pellets is used; this heat in terms of kilowatts is much cheaper than electricity.

Thermal energy source	The cost of a kilowatt-hour of heat, rubles
main gas	0,7
Coal	1,4
Pellets	1,8
Electricity	3,6

Water heaters for forced ventilation are, in general, ordinary heat exchangers with developed fins.

Water heater.

The water or other coolant circulating through them gives off heat to the air passing through the fins.

The advantages and disadvantages of the scheme mirror the features of the competing solution:

• The cost of the heater is minimal.
• Operating costs are determined by the type of fuel used and the quality of insulation of the coolant wiring.
• Air temperature control is relatively complex and requires a flexible circulation and/or boiler control system.

materials

For electric heaters, aluminum or steel fins are usually used on standard heating elements; somewhat less common heating scheme with an open tungsten coil.

Heating element with steel fins.

For water heaters, three versions are typical.

1. Steel pipes with steel fins provide the lowest cost of construction.
2. Steel pipes with aluminum fins, due to the higher thermal conductivity of aluminum, guarantee a slightly higher heat transfer.
3. Finally, bimetallic heat exchangers made of copper tube with aluminum fins provide maximum heat transfer at the cost of a slightly lower resistance to hydraulic pressure.

non-standard version

A couple of solutions deserve special mention.

1. Supply units are a heater with a pre-installed fan for air supply.

Supply ventilation unit.

1. In addition, the industry produces products with heat recuperators.Part of the thermal energy is taken from the air flow in the exhaust ventilation.

Supply ventilation device

Ventilation is a way to ventilate an enclosed space that helps:

1. fill the room with fresh air;
2. create a special microclimate;
3. prevent the appearance of mold, fungus on the walls and ceiling.

Supply ventilation with a built-in heating element is a system that fills the room with fresh air, warmed up to a comfortable temperature, heats rooms in cold weather (for more information about supply ventilation, click here). Modern ventilation devices are equipped with a number of useful features:

• temperature control;
• adjustment of air supply power, etc.

Ventilation devices are compact and fit into a residential interior. Heated ventilation devices consist of a heating element, a filter grill that cleans the incoming air masses from debris, dirt, dust, and additional elements that not all systems are equipped with (humidifiers, antibacterial filters).

Attention
A high-quality ventilation system regularly fills the room with fresh, warm, purified, humidified air.

How is forced air ventilation with heating done by one's own hands

For those who have a desire to make forced ventilation in a private house with their own hands, we can say that it is not difficult. The main thing is to approach the process very carefully and not rush. If the drawing and calculations are not done correctly, the device will not work properly, which will affect the indoor air and temperature.

Schemes and drawings

Before proceeding with the installation of the device, it is necessary to fully implement your plan on paper.The drawing should be with all sizes and directions, so it will be more convenient to mount the finished system and make calculations. Be sure to mark the presence of gratings and dampers on the valves. The scheme should take into account the following nuances:

1. The movement of air should go from clean rooms to polluted ones, that is, from the bedroom to the kitchen and bathroom.
2. The intake ventilation valve with heating must be located in all rooms and premises where there is no hood.
3. The exhaust ducts must be the same size everywhere, without expansion or contraction.

Calculations

In order for the device to fully perform its functions, it is necessary to calculate its power as accurately as possible. To do this, you will need all the parameters of the room. Including the number of floors, the area of ​​​​rooms, the layout of the room, the number of people who can be there at the same time, as well as the availability of equipment in the form of computers or machine tools.

Mounting

In order to mount the supply ventilation, you must have the following tools:

1. Perforator.
2. Spanners.
3. Sledgehammer.
4. Screwdriver.
5. A hammer.
6. Ratchet wrench.
7. Clamp.

First of all, you need to prepare a place and choose the size of the hole. Using a diamond drill or a puncher, you need to drill a hole with a slope towards the street. Then a pipe is inserted into this hole. In diameter, it should be larger than the diameter of the fan.

After that, a fan is installed, and all the cracks between the pipe and the wall are foamed. Then channels for wiring are laid. In some rooms, it is convenient to connect the wiring to the switch, this will make it possible to automatically turn on the ventilation system after the light turns on in the room.

In the final, all remaining parts are installed, including noise absorbers, temperature sensors and all filters

It is important to constantly check the diagram in order to avoid mistakes during installation. Grids are attached to the ends of the system

As a result, the entire system must be checked. This is easy to do: you need to bring a sheet of paper to the bars. If it sways even slightly, then the ventilation is working.

It is important to note that in recent years people are increasingly blocked from extraneous noise. As a result, along with the sounds, we stop the access of fresh air to the room.

This provokes both allergic reactions and diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Therefore, in any room, whether it be an office or an apartment, there must be ventilation. And in order not to freeze, ventilation should be installed with heating. Then it will be healthy and warm.

2 id="zaschita-protiv-peregreva">Protection against overheating

All duct heaters have built-in overheating protection. As part of the electric heater there are two independent bimetallic thermal switches with self-reset. One with a response temperature of 70°C (for round heaters 80°C) as protection against overheating, and the second with a response temperature of 130 °C for fire protection.

Overheating up to 70°C of the air leaving the duct heater indicates a serious error in the calculation of the ventilation system or a sharp drop in fan performance or even a fan stop. The heater can only be switched on again after the cause of overheating has been eliminated. The high operating current of bimetallic thermal switches - up to 10A allows you to wind the contactor coils directly on the thermal switches without intermediate amplifying relays.This reduces the cost of control panels for air handling units.

If the heater power is more than 48 kW, the fan should be allowed to run for another 2-3 minutes after the heating is turned off. This is necessary for cooling the powerful heating elements that are part of these duct heaters.

It is desirable that the heater is also blocked either with the operation of the fan or with the flow of air passing through it.

To confirm the operation of the fan, a differential pressure sensor is installed, which can give a signal to turn the duct heater on / off.

Here is the simplest version of protection against overheating with the help of bimetallic thermal switches that are part of the duct heaters.

Design features of the device

The main elements of supply ventilation

• Air intake grill. Acts as an aesthetic design, and a barrier that protects debris particles in the supply air masses.
• Supply ventilation valve. Its purpose is to block the passage of cold air from the outside in winter and hot air in summer. You can make it work automatically using an electric drive.
• Filters. Their purpose is to purify the incoming air. I need a replacement every 6 months.
• Water heater, electric heaters - designed to heat the incoming air masses.
• For rooms with a small area, it is recommended to use ventilation systems with electric heating elements, for large spaces - a water heater.

Supply and exhaust ventilation elementsAdditional elements

• Fans.
• Diffusers (contribute to the distribution of air masses).
• Noise suppressor.
• Recuperator.

The design of ventilation directly depends on the type and method of fixing the system. They are passive and active.

Passive ventilation systems.

Such a device is a supply ventilation valve. The scooping of street air masses occurs due to the pressure drop. In cold weather, the temperature difference contributes to the injection, in the warm period - the exhaust fan. The regulation of such ventilation can be automatic and manual.

Automated regulation directly depends on:

• the flow rate of air masses passing through the ventilation;
• air humidity in the space.

The disadvantage of the system is that in the winter season such ventilation is not effective for heating the house, since a large temperature difference is created.

On the wall

Refers to the passive type of supply ventilation. Such an installation has a compact box that is mounted on the wall. To control the heating, it is equipped with an LCD display and a control panel. The principle of operation is to recuperate internal and external air masses. To heat the room, this device is placed near the heating radiator.

Active ventilation systems

Since in such systems it is possible to regulate the intensity of fresh air supply, such ventilation for heating and space heating is more in demand.

According to the principle of heating, such a supply heater can be water and electric.

Water heater

Powered by heating system. The principle of operation of this ventilation system is to circulate air through a system of channels and tubes, inside which there is hot water or a special liquid.In this case, heating takes place in a heat exchanger built into the centralized heating system.

Electric heater.

The principle of operation of the system is to convert electrical energy into thermal energy using an electric heating element.

breather

This is a compact device, small size for forced ventilation, heated. To supply fresh air, this device is attached to the wall of the room.

Breather Tion o2

Breezer construction o2:

• Channel consisting of an air intake and an air duct. This is a sealed and insulated tube, due to which the device draws air from outside.
• Air retention valve. This element is an air gap. It is designed to prevent the outflow of warm air while the device is turned off.
• Filtration system. It consists of three filters, which are installed in a certain sequence. The first two filters clean the air flow from visible contaminants. The third filter - deep cleaning - from bacteria and allergens. It cleans the incoming air from various odors and exhaust gases.
• Fan for air supply from the street.
• Ceramic heater, which is equipped with climate control. Responsible for heating the inflow of air flows and automatic temperature control.

Channelless forced ventilation

Sources of this category are considered the best solution to problems with the supply of fresh air to a high-rise apartment and a private house. They are quite powerful, independent of weather changes, and their installation does not cause any particular difficulties.

Advanced wall valve

The wall-mounted ventilator with air jet induction is a modernized analogue of a wall supply damper.The fundamental difference in the design is the presence of a fan that pumps an air jet.

The performance of the mechanical inflow is determined by the speed of the fan. The amount of energy consumed and noise characteristics depend on the selected mode.

How the ventilator works:

1. The rotating blades of the fan force the supply of outdoor air.
2. Passing through the duct, the air masses are cleaned and enter the apartment.
3. The exhaust air moves towards the exhaust ducts and is discharged through the vent.

The degree of purification of the supplied air flow depends on the built-in filtering system. It is optimal if the ventilator is equipped with different types of filters.

The ventilator with a fan works even with a weakly efficient exhaust system. Forced supply increases air pressure, which has a positive effect on the performance of the hood.

Breezer - compact ventilation unit with climate control

The breather is designed to maintain air circulation inside rooms with an area of ​​10-50 sq.m. The device solves several problems simultaneously: supply of clean air and its heating to the specified temperature values.

The main scope of breathers is residential premises, that is, cottages, private houses and apartments. The device is also in demand in small offices

Breezer is a technically sophisticated device with a climate control option and a control system. Components of the air handling unit:

1. Air intake with grille - protects the device from insects and rainwater inside.
2. Insulated duct - a sealed channel that provides air flow.The heat-insulating insert prevents freezing of the wall and reduces the noise level.
3. Automatic damper - opens the street air inflow channel after turning on the device and closes it after turning it off. The element prevents the infiltration of cold air into the apartment.
4. The fan is responsible for the amount of air taken in from the street.
5. The communication unit and the control system are the “brains” of the breather, responsible for all the working processes of the device.

The compact unit is equipped with a complete filtration system. The filter cascade implements three levels of purification.

Coarse filter - removal of medium and large particles (wool, dust, plant pollen). HEPA filter - retention of particles with a size of 0.01-0.1 microns, including mold spores and bacteria. AK-filter - carbon filtration of smoke, odors and industrial emissions

Breezer is the optimal solution for creating ventilation in an apartment with filtration, providing up to 80-90% of air mass cleaning from atmospheric dust. The process of installing the device is quite simple:

Fresh air conditioners

Manufacturers of split systems have proposed their own solution to the issue of lack of fresh air and have developed air conditioners with air from the outside.

Design features of a split system with an inflow:

• air is supplied through ducts going from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit;
• a turbine with a filtration system is provided on the street building, which is responsible for supplying and cleaning air.

Some models of ventilation units are equipped with an oxygen concentrator, and the oxygen level in the room is controlled by special sensors.

An oxygen concentrator passes outdoor air through a membrane partition that separates oxygen molecules from other gaseous substances. As a result, the oxygen concentration increases

The principle of operation of the "split system with a mixture":

1. Fresh air through the suction fan enters through the air duct to the evaporative (indoor) unit.
2. Outdoor air currents are mixed with indoor air.
3. After filtering and additional processing (cooling, heating), air flows enter the apartment.

Despite the good idea of ​​technologists, such models of climate systems are in little demand. Air conditioners with an inflow work loudly and are not able to provide full ventilation of the apartment. In addition, the cost of advanced equipment is 20% higher than the price of a conventional air conditioner.