Heating scheme of a private house: what determines the efficiency

Types of water heating wiring diagrams

There are several types of closed heating systems that differ in the way they are connected. Varieties differ in the cost of installation, efficiency.

Forced heating pump

Single pipe

The coolant leaves the boiler through one pipe, alternately reaches the radiators and batteries. It gives off thermal energy, returns to the boiler from the back. The main drawback of the system is the gradual decrease in temperature in the next battery. The heating system cannot be shut off. In the event of a breakdown, you will have to completely stop the supply of hot water.

Previously, the system was called "Leningradka", used in apartment buildings. Advantages - ease of installation, the pipeline runs along the perimeter of the house.

Two-pipe

In larger suburban buildings better organize the heating scheme from two pipes. Radiators are connected from below. The system becomes especially effective when a circulation pump is connected.

It is possible to reduce the cooling rate of the coolant in the system by installing bypasses, taps on batteries that regulate the water supply.

Two-pipe wiring

The main difference between the heating system is the installation of the main pipe to the farthest of the radiators, from which branching occurs to intermediate batteries. After passing through the heating network, the coolant returns to the boiler through the return pipeline, ensuring uniform distribution of heat throughout the building.

Radiation

The method differs in that the pipeline is laid under the ceiling, and not along the perimeter. Pipes are connected to radiators separately. Hot coolant is supplied one at a time, the second one is removed. You can easily provide a separate temperature regime in each room. For beam wiring, pipes with a smaller diameter can be mounted.

Beam wiring

If an emergency occurs in a section of the circuit, it can be easily disconnected and repaired. This makes it easy to replace obsolete, damaged modules.

The main disadvantage of beam wiring is complexity. For installation, you will have to perform a detailed drawing, calculate materials. It is undesirable for the pipes to be strongly bent. The beam network works better with forced circulation.

Warm floor

The warm floor can be combined with other methods, used as the main one for heating the cottage.For example, when batteries are installed in the rooms, and there is a warm floor in the corridor. The principle of operation is to lay thin tubes under the floor, connected to a single network. To improve performance, they are laid on reflective material, which is placed on a heat insulator. Overlap is mounted on top of the serpentine of tubes. The room is evenly heated.

The wiring diagram works best in rooms with ceramic tile or natural stone cladding. Can only be used with forced water circulation.

Advantages:

1. Heat is distributed evenly.
2. Permanent normal microclimate.
3. Invisibility of heating elements.

Changing the connection method of the radiator

Do you know the situation when half of the battery is hot and half is cold? Most often in this case, the connection method is to blame. Take a look at how the device works with a one-sided connection of a radiator with a coolant supply from above.

Notice how much worse the far sections work

Now let's take a look at the one-way connection diagram with the coolant supply from below.

We see the same effect.

And here is a two-way connection with top and bottom feed.

Seeing the same effect Seeing the same effect

If you find yourself in one of the schemes presented above, then you are out of luck. The most rational in terms of work efficiency is a diagonal connection with a feed from above.

The entire heat exchange area of ​​the radiator is heated evenly, the radiator operates at full capacity

And what to do in the case when you don’t want to change the pipe layout or it’s impossible? In this case, we can advise you to purchase radiators that have some trick in their design.This is a special partition between the first and second sections, which changes the direction of movement of the coolant.

A special plug turns the bottom two-way connection into the diagonal one we need with the top connection. This option is suitable for the top two-way connection

In the case of a one-way connection, special flow extensions have shown their effectiveness.

The principle of operation of the flow extension

There are also devices for optimizing a one-way bottom connection, but we think the general principle has now become clear to you.

Comment Sergey Kharitonov Leading Engineer for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning LLC "GK Spetsstroy" For obvious reasons, such things are best provided for at the design stage of the heating system, so as not to rack your brains later. After all, any alteration will require disconnecting the riser, the skills of a locksmith or monetary costs, and in some cases, coordination with the Housing Office.

Conclusion: 100% effective.

Boiler for closed system

A closed system operates with a variety of fuels and boilers; in this regard, such units are universal. Before choosing a boiler, it is necessary to carry out the appropriate calculations of the heating system. The power of the boiler directly depends on the number of square meters that will have to be heated. More specifically, from the heat loss of the house. There are special formulas, the calculation itself is not difficult. There are boilers

1. Single-circuit.
2. Double-circuit.
3. With a boiler

It is recommended to remember: not all coal-fired boilers are designed for pressures above 1 atm.Especially homemade ones. When transferring to a closed heating system from an open one. This should be kept in mind.

Autonomous home heating

boiler

Understanding the principle of operation of the system will allow you to mount the most successful heating model in relation to the project of your house, and get the maximum amount of heat from it.

It is better to think over the project scheme at the construction stage in order to provide a place for risers and collectors. But if the moment is missed initially, in any case, the problem is solved.

The operation of the system depends on the type of fuel and the design features of the boiler. The resource used and the type of unit affect the durability of the system, cost and service, so it is better to familiarize yourself with their characteristics before buying.

Biofuel boilers

If you intend to change the gas heating system to alternative heating of a private house, then there is no need to organize it from scratch. Very often, only the replacement of the boiler is required. The most popular are those boilers that run on solid fuel or electric boilers. Such boilers are not always profitable in terms of coolant costs.

Particular attention should be paid to such boilers that operate on fuels of biological origin. For the operation of the heating system, in the center of which there is a biofuel boiler, special pellets or briquettes are required

However, other materials can also be used, such as:

• granulated peat;
• chips and wood pellets;
• straw pellets.

The main disadvantage is the fact that such alternative heating of a country house can cost much more than a gas boiler and, moreover, briquettes are quite expensive material.

Wood briquettes for heating

A fireplace can be a great alternative solution for organizing such a system as an alternative home heating system. By means of a fireplace, you can heat a house with a small area, but the quality of heating will largely depend on how well the fireplace was arranged.

With geothermal type pumps, even a large house can be heated. For functioning, such alternative methods of heating a private house use the energy of water or earth. Such a system can perform not only a heating function, but also work as an air conditioner. This will be most relevant in the hot months, when the house does not need to be heated, but cooled. This type of heating system is environmentally friendly and does not harm the environment.

Geothermal heating of a private house

Solar alternative heating sources of a country house - collectors, are plates installed on the roof of a building. They collect solar heat and transfer the accumulated energy to the boiler room by means of a heat carrier. A heat exchanger is installed in the storage tank, into which heat enters. After this process, water is heated, which can be used not only for heating the house, but also for various household needs. Modern technologies have made it possible for such alternative types of heating a private house to collect heat even in wet or cloudy weather.

Solar collectors

However, the best effect of such heating systems can only be obtained in warmer and southern areas. In the northern regions, such alternative heating systems for a country house are suitable for organizing an additional heating system, but not the main one.

Of course, this is not the most affordable method, but every year its popularity is only growing. Alternative heating of a cottage in this way is the simplest from the point of view of such a science as physics. Solar panels stand out in an expensive price category because the manufacturing processes for photovoltaic cells are expensive.

Advantages and disadvantages

The centralized heating system has both advantages and disadvantages.

Among the advantages are:

• reliability and quality of service due to constant monitoring of the system by technical services;
• relatively inexpensive fuel;
• environmentally friendly equipment;
• ease of use.

As for the disadvantages, they are:

• pressure drops in the heating system;
• dependence of the work schedule on the seasons of the year;
• expensive equipment;
• the inability to independently regulate the temperature on heating devices;
• colossal heat losses during its transportation through pipes and nodes.

Types of heating systems and the principle of adjusting radiators

Handle with valve

In order to properly adjust the temperature of the radiators, you need to know the general structure of the heating system and the layout of the coolant pipes.

In the case of individual heating, adjustment is easier when:

1. The system is powered by a powerful boiler.
2. Each battery is equipped with a three-way valve.
3. Forced pumping of the coolant has been installed.

At the stage of installation work for individual heating, it is necessary to take into account the minimum number of bends in the system. This is necessary in order to reduce heat loss and not reduce the pressure of the coolant supplied to the radiators.

For uniform heating and rational use of heat, a valve is mounted on each battery. With it, you can reduce the water supply or disconnect it from the general heating system in an unused room.

• In the central heating system of multi-storey buildings, equipped with a supply of coolant through a pipeline from top to bottom vertically, it is impossible to adjust the radiators. In this situation, the upper floors open windows due to the heat, and it is cold in the rooms of the lower floors, since the radiators there are barely warm.
• More perfect one-pipe network. Here, the coolant is supplied to each battery with its subsequent return to the central riser. Therefore, there is no noticeable temperature difference in the apartments of the upper and lower floors of these houses. In this case, the supply pipe of each radiator is equipped with a control valve.
• A two-pipe system, where two risers are mounted, provides the supply of coolant to the heating radiator and vice versa. To increase or decrease the coolant flow, each battery is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Two-pipe scheme

This type of scheme is more thoughtful and perfect. Its main feature is that there are two pipes, not one. Of this pair, one pipe is the supply pipe, and the second is the return pipe. Batteries are connected in parallel. When laying heating according to this scheme, it is necessary to connect the radiator to both pipes and equip them with shut-off valves.

In this scheme, the coolant moves along the supply pipe to each of the radiators. The temperature is the same everywhere. Then the liquid goes through the return pipes, which helps to ensure uniform heating of the entire house.

This scheme has many positive aspects. First of all, this is the fact that the appliances are independent of each other and evenly heat the entire room. In addition, using thermostats installed on each of the radiators, you can adjust the heat transfer of any of them. There are no drawbacks as such in such a scheme, only a large consumption of materials can be noted.

Adjustment of radiators Heating system

On this tab, we will try to help you choose the right parts of the system for giving.

The heating system includes, wires or pipes, automatic air vents, fittings, radiators, circulation pumps, expansion tank thermostats heating boiler, heat control mechanism, fixing system. Any node is unambiguously important.

Therefore, the correspondence of the listed parts of the structure must be planned correctly. The cottage heating assembly includes various devices.

Adjustment of radiators

Temperature control in batteries used to seem like something out of the realm of fantasy.

In order to reduce the excessive temperature in the apartments, a window was simply opened, and in order to prevent heat from escaping from a cool room, the windows and all the cracks were sealed and tightly hammered.

This continued until spring, and only after the end of the heating season did the appearance of the apartment acquire at least a slightly decent look.

Today, technology has come a long way and we no longer worry about how to regulate heating batteries. New, more efficient and progressive methods of controlling the temperature regime in the room have appeared, and we will talk about them in more detail below.

Ordinary taps that are mounted in batteries, as well as special valves, can help partially solve the problem. By blocking the access of the hot water flow to the system, or reducing it, you can easily change the temperature in your home.

An even simpler and more reliable system is the use of special automatic heads. They are mounted under the valve, and with their help (namely, using a temperature sensor), you can adjust the temperature in the system.

How it works? The head is filled with a composition that is very sensitive to changes in temperature, so the valve itself will be able to react to an excessive temperature increase and will be able to close in time, preventing the batteries from overheating.

Do you want a more modern and innovative solution that will tell you how to regulate the temperature of the heating battery, and even practically not participate in this process? Then pay attention to these two ways:

• The first option involves mounting one radiator in the room, which is closed with a special screen, and the temperature in the system is regulated using devices called a thermostat and a servo drive.
• Next, consider a method for regulating the temperature in a house with several radiators. The features of such a system are that you will have not one, but several zones for temperature control.Also, you will not be able to make the adjustment valves enter the horizontal pipeline, and you will have to equip a special service niche, which will include a special supply pipeline with mounted shut-off valves, as well as a “return” with valves for the servo drive.

Note that there are two main methods of adjustment, the advantages of which are obvious:

• The ability to control the temperature level of the water entering the system by a special automatic unit, which bases its work on the indicators of sensors built into the system;
• Mounting a device in the system that will control and regulate the temperature not in the entire system, but in each individual battery. Most often, factory regulators are used for this, which are mounted on the batteries themselves.

After weighing all the features of your room, choose the method that suits you best.

What can be the heating in the house?

Heating systems of houses of private and country type can be of three types:

1. Electric, known for their ease of installation and low initial investment. However, already in the process of operation, this method of heating becomes more expensive, requiring high capacities from electricity suppliers.
2. Air systems based on the use of bulky equipment will allow you to raise the air temperature in the premises to a predetermined level in the shortest possible time. The method is characterized by low environmental performance and the ability to heat different areas with different efficiency.
3. The water method, which can rightly be attributed to the most productive and cost-effective way to heat houses.Among its other advantages are practicality and high heating speed, convenient location, absolutely safe and uninterrupted operation, fuel savings of up to 20% compared to stove heating. The operation of the water system is based on the natural circulation of the working coolant.

Comparison of costs of different heating systems

Often the choice of a particular heating system is based on the starting cost of the equipment and its subsequent installation. Based on this indicator, we obtain the following data:

• Electricity. Initial investment up to 20,000 rubles.

• solid fuel. The purchase of equipment will require from 15 to 25 thousand rubles.

• Oil boilers. Installation will cost 40-50 thousand.

• Gas heating with own storage. The price is 100-120 thousand rubles.

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

• Centralized gas pipeline. Due to the high cost of communication and connection, the cost exceeds 300,000 rubles.

Hot water supply in heating systems

DHW in multi-storey buildings is usually centralized, while the water is heated in boiler rooms. Hot water supply is connected from heating circuits, both from single-pipe and from two-pipe. The temperature in the hot water tap in the morning is warm or cold, depending on the number of main pipes. If there is a single-pipe heat supply for an apartment building with a height of 5 floors, then when a hot tap is opened, cold water will first flow out of it for half a minute.

The reason lies in the fact that at night rarely any of the residents turn on the tap with hot water, and the coolant in the pipes cools down. As a result, there is an overuse of unnecessary cooled water, since it is drained directly into the sewer.

Unlike a single-pipe system, in a two-pipe version, hot water circulates continuously, so the problem with hot water described above does not arise there. True, in some houses, a riser with pipes - heated towel rails, which are hot even in the summer heat, is looped through the hot water supply system.

During the summer period, the entire system that provides central heating in an apartment building is tested. Utilities carry out current and major repairs on the heating main, while turning off certain sections on it. On the eve of the upcoming heating season, the repaired heating main is re-tested (for more details: “Rules for preparing a residential building for the heating season“).

Features of heat supply in an apartment building, details on the video:

How is pressure formed in the heating system of a private house

There are three units of pressure measurement:

1. Atmosphere
2. Bar
3. Megapascal

As long as water or another energy carrier is not poured into the system, the pressure in it corresponds to the usual atmospheric pressure. And since 1 Bar contains 0.9869 atmospheres (that is, almost a whole atmosphere), it is believed that the pressure in an empty network = 1 Bar.

As soon as the coolant enters the system, this indicator changes.

The total pressure inside the heating system, which is taken into account by sensors (pressure gauges), consists of the sum of 2 types of pressure:

1. hydrostatic. Creates water in pipes and exists even when the boiler is not working. Static is equal to the pressure of the liquid column in the heating network and is related to the height of the heating circuit. The height of the contour = the difference between its highest point and its lowest.In an open system, there is an expansion tank at the highest point. From the water level in it, they begin to measure the height of the circuit. It is believed that a column of water 10 m high gives 1 atmosphere and is equal to 1 bar, or 0.1 Megapascal.
2. dynamic. In a closed network, it is created by: a pump (which makes water circulate) and convection (expansion of the volume of water when heated and narrowing when it cools). The indicators of this type of pressure change at the points of connection of pipes with different diameters, in places with shut-off valves, etc.

The total pressure affects:

• The rate of water flow and the rate of heat transfer between sections of the system.
• heat loss level.
• Network efficiency. The pressure increases - the efficiency increases, and the resistance of the circuit decreases.

The efficiency of the circuit in the building depends on the pressure parameters.

Its stability with an optimal indicator in the system reduces heat losses and guarantees the delivery of energy to remote corners of the house with almost the same temperature that it received when heated in the boiler.

Design features of the heating circuit

There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if the need arises.

In modern buildings, additional elements are often used, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment.In recent years, almost every heating system in high-rise buildings is equipped with automation in order to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: "Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers on examples). All the described details allow to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to distribute heat energy more evenly throughout all apartments.

Theoretical horseshoe - how gravity works

The natural circulation of water in heating systems operates due to gravity. How does this happen:

1. We take an open vessel, fill it with water and begin to heat it up. The most primitive option is a pan on a gas stove.
2. The temperature of the lower liquid layer rises, the density decreases. The water becomes lighter.
3. Under the influence of gravity, the upper heavier layer sinks to the bottom, displacing the less dense hot water. The natural circulation of fluid begins, called convection.

Example: if you heat 1 m³ of water from 50 to 70 degrees, it will become 10.26 kg lighter (below, see the table of densities at various temperatures). If heating continues to 90 °C, then the cube of liquid will lose 12.47 kg, although the temperature delta remains the same - 20 °C. Conclusion: the closer the water is to the boiling point, the more active the circulation occurs.

Similarly, the coolant circulates by gravity through the home heating network. The water heated by the boiler loses weight and is pushed up by the cooled coolant that has returned from the radiators. The flow velocity at a temperature difference of 20–25 °C is only 0.1…0.25 m/s versus 0.7…1 m/s in modern pumping systems.

The low speed of fluid movement along highways and heating devices causes the following consequences:

1. The batteries have time to give off more heat, and the coolant cools down by 20–30 °C. In a conventional heating network with a pump and a membrane expansion tank, the temperature drops by 10–15 degrees.
2. Accordingly, the boiler must produce more heat energy after the burner starts. Keeping the generator at a temperature of 40 ° C is pointless - the current will slow down to the limit, the batteries will become cold.
3. To deliver the required amount of heat to the radiators, it is necessary to increase the flow area of ​​the pipes.
4. Fittings and fittings with high hydraulic resistance can worsen or completely stop gravity flow. These include non-return and three-way valves, sharp 90° turns and pipe constrictions.
5. The roughness of the inner walls of pipelines does not play a big role (within reasonable limits). Low fluid velocity - low resistance from friction.
6. A solid fuel boiler + gravity heating system can work without a heat accumulator and a mixing unit. Due to the slow flow of water, condensate does not form in the firebox.

As you can see, there are positive and negative moments in the convection movement of the coolant. The former should be used, the latter should be minimized.