Do I need forced ventilation in the bathroom: norms and stages for arranging effective air exchange

Types of exhaust fans

Modern hoods designed for installation in the bathroom are conventionally divided into 2 types: simple and automatic. They differ from each other in design, availability of additional options and cost. The hood should supply from 25 m3 / h of fresh air for a separate room, from 50 m3 in the case of a combined bathroom.

Simple equipment is an electric fan, which is located in a tubular plastic case. It can be of two types - built-in or freestanding.

Automatic exhaust devices are easier to operate and require minimal participation of the owner of the premises in the process of air exchange control.

A popular way to turn on the device is by pressing the switch that provides lighting in the bathroom. This option allows the removal of polluted air from the bathroom occurs when a person is in it.

Automatic equipment is equipped with electronics that effectively control the operation of the device.

For a short period, moisture does not have time to completely evaporate from the room, so it is better to install a separate switch

Hoods are equipped with additional functions:

• off timer;
• humidity sensors;
• colored backlight.

The fan turns on when the permissible humidity value is exceeded. As soon as this parameter returns to normal, the device turns off.

Automatic models are convenient and easy-to-use devices that do not require the intervention of the owner of the apartment to control the operation of the ventilation system.

Automatic products can be equipped with other functions. In private houses, the ventilation system communicates directly with the street, so their owners will not be harmed by a fan on the supply pipe with an adjustable diffuser.

Some models are equipped with a check valve that prevents air from moving in the opposite direction. This option is useful for residents of apartments in high-rise buildings to protect themselves from the aromas of a neighbor's bathroom.

Despite the simplicity of the design of the exhaust system for the bathroom, it functions perfectly and copes with its tasks.

Modern hood, designed for installation in the bathroom, has a forced principle of operation.The device consists of a fan and an air duct connected to the ventilation duct of the building.

The axial exhaust fan has a relatively simple design, which does not affect the functionality of the device. In terms of performance, it can compete with air conditioners.

To choose the optimal hood, you have to take into account the features of the bathroom and the varieties of existing ventilation systems. Devices may differ in design, principle of operation, power and availability of additional functions.

Requirements for ventilation in the apartment. Air exchange rates

Air exchange rates are regulated by sanitary regulations, legislative acts. A well-prepared ventilation project in the apartment provides for a complete replacement of oxygen in the living room every 30 minutes. The final value is easy to determine on your own, referring to the tabular data presented below.

Table of clean air standards for different rooms

If we translate the data into digital values, then 1 person living in the house should have at least 30 m3 of clean air every hour. The design and then installation of ventilation in the apartment begins only after preliminary calculations, taking into account the number of residents, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe object.

In the garage

The garage is often mistakenly considered a non-residential area, which does not require a separate ventilation system. Even with a fairly rare use of the room, it is necessary to create mechanical air exchange in it. The comfortable stay of the owner in the garage, which is considered non-residential premises, is not the main reason why the premises need high-quality air extraction.

Good forced air exchange in the garage allows you to solve a number of problems familiar to many owners of such real estate:

• Prevent the development of mold and fungus on the walls.
• Ensure high-quality removal of exhaust gases and harmful volatile mixtures.
• Remove excess moisture brought into the room with the car.
• Keep walls, inspection pit, tools, etc. as dry as possible.
• Protect your vehicle from corrosion caused by condensation.

High-quality forced ventilation of the garage allows you to maintain the performance of everything that is stored in it. And saving on ventilation can lead to higher costs for car repairs, the purchase of a new tool, or the replacement of other damaged items that were stored here.

Features of work

To understand the need for an air circulation device, consider how ventilation works in a closed room in apartment buildings:

• It consists of interconnected pipes located inside the building and ending on its roof.
• The physical laws of nature contribute to the movement of air masses. So, due to the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, a certain pressure is created in the pipes, which causes air masses to move. This is how the natural traction device works.

• Windy weather affects the speed of air flow inside the ventilation pipes.

• To protect the pipeline from dust and dirt, it is recommended to install protective grilles at the ends of the pipes.

Common mistakes when installing ventilation

It happens that the operation of a brand new ventilation system suddenly turns out to be unsatisfactory or is initially ineffective.

This may be due to one or more errors made during its installation. When figuring out how to properly ventilate the bathroom, you should immediately take into account these points.

Here are some of the most common mistakes:

• The ventilation duct is designed incorrectly, which makes it difficult for the movement of air masses.
• The tightness of the ventilation duct connections is broken.
• The fans are installed incorrectly and make too much noise.
• The channel passes through the living quarters in such a way that the ventilation noise interferes with the normal life of the family.

First you need to find out the cause of the problem, then fix it

A number of troubles can be avoided by paying attention to these points at the design stage of the ventilation system.

If this was not done, and problems appeared already during the operation of the structure, a serious alteration of the entire ventilation system may be required.

An alternative troubleshooting option is to use different types of noise absorbers to reduce unpleasant sound effects.

To improve the process of moving air masses, you may have to install a more powerful fan.

Sometimes excessive noise during fan operation indicates its incorrect installation, in which the so-called “alignment” was violated. In this case, it is enough to remove the device and install it again with strict adherence to the installation technology.

Usually, after this, the amount of noise from the operation of the fan is significantly reduced.

The supply type of ventilation in bathrooms is extremely rarely used, but if such a decision is nevertheless made, you should think about the temperature of the air entering from the outside.

In winter, the cold air flow can be extremely uncomfortable for bathroom visitors.

To solve this type of problem, the air entering the room is heated using special electrical appliances.

To ensure a sufficient amount of fresh air entering the bathroom, a beautiful grille is installed at the bottom of the door, which makes the room less airtight.

There are several common misconceptions that can negatively affect ventilation work. When designing and installing the system, remember that:

• an exhaust fan is not enough if a normal supply of fresh air is not provided to the room;
• a large and bulky duct ventilation system is not always more efficient than low-budget ventilation methods, if they are chosen correctly;
• the presence of an air conditioner in the house, as well as a purifier, ionizer, humidifier and other similar devices does not provide normal ventilation of the premises, since with their help fresh air does not enter the rooms.

Usually the design of the ventilation system for the bathroom is very simple, you can do it yourself.

But if some calculations or the implementation of a ventilation duct of a complex shape are required, and the novice master does not have experience in such work, it is better to consult professionals or completely entrust them with all the work.

The quality of ventilation cannot be neglected, since the health of the residents of the house depends on its condition.

natural system

Room ventilation

Its work is based on the basic laws of physics: due to the temperature difference in the room, a certain pressure is created. It pushes the air currents to move. This creates a natural circulation of air masses.

There are 2 ways to do it:

• planned
• Natural

Since time immemorial, natural has been considered a natural and effective way. Due to the presence of cracks and openings in the walls, doorways, natural air exchange was carried out. This made it possible to carry out work even with closed windows and doors, even in the cold season. This method is quite effective. But along with the air currents through the cracks, all the heat from the house also left. Therefore, in the winter period, this method of ventilation was unacceptable.

Now the natural method is carried out through a specially equipped traction system in houses. It is a vertical cavity designed for the movement of air currents. This method is called planned.

For its implementation, a hood is installed in the house. Usually it is located not in all rooms, but in the bathroom. node, in the kitchen and in the pantry.

The operation of the natural regulation scheme is not affected by such factors as the presence of electricity or heating. Its operation depends on the ambient temperature outside. The lower it is, the more efficient the work. It is also affected by precipitation and wind speed.

The importance of preliminary calculations

Shower ventilation is required if it is installed in a concrete building or in a wooden house. It prevents the negative impact of high humidity on the integrity of sanitary equipment and building materials.

It is necessary to follow the norms of SNiP, which will serve the safe operation of the room in the future. Before you equip the room with ventilation with your own hands, you must have a drawing of the shower cabin, as well as the locker rooms available in the room.

Removing excess moisture helps to increase the life of all metal plumbing fixtures and some building materials. For normal health of a person, humidity should not exceed 65%. If this indicator is overestimated, staying in a shower cabin can adversely affect the health of its visitor.

In the norms of SNiP, the concept of "air exchange rate" is introduced. It is the ratio of the volume of air entering or leaving the room to the volume of the room itself. The minimum indicator according to SNiP is 50 m3 / hour. For public showers - 75 m3 / hour.

The minimum indicator of "air exchange rate" according to SNiP in a public shower room is 75 m3 / h

When is forced ventilation needed?

The relevant guidance documents say that air exchange in residential and any other premises can be carried out in various ways. Namely, with the help of natural, forced or mixed ventilation.

And which type of air exchange to choose depends on the conditions of a particular room. So, whether a fan is needed or not needed in a particular bathroom depends on the performance and stability of natural ventilation. More precisely, whether it can provide sufficient air exchange to maintain optimal or at least acceptable conditions.

Modern fans are compact, economical products that are designed to make any ventilation system efficient and stable.

Proper ventilation should remove at least 25 m³ of air from the bathroom every hour, and at least 90 m³ of air from living quarters and the bathroom. This indicator is relevant if there is an exhaust hood in the bathroom that provides ventilation for the rooms in which residents regularly stay and relax.

Moreover, these values ​​are considered to be the minimum possible, and in reality, air exchange should often be more efficient and productive. The reason for this is the insufficient quality of the supplied outdoor air. For example, due to the significant amount of carbon dioxide, the amount of which in large cities may well reach 400 cm³, and in small cities - 375 cm³ for every cubic meter of air.

As a result, in order to reduce CO₂ to optimal values, a much larger amount of outdoor air may often be needed. For example, to maintain optimal conditions in the bathroom, you may need not a minimum of 25 m³ of air every hour, but up to 150 m³.

But the biggest difficulty is that the natural ventilation system is not stable. And if outside the window the air warms up to 15 ° C, then with the windows closed, its effect will become almost zero.

The efficiency of the fan depends on the correct placement of the fan. For example, this product should not block the channel of the natural ventilation system, or the situation with air exchange will only worsen. Therefore, a separate seat should be prepared for fans, as shown in the photo.

In addition, it is quite difficult to determine the effectiveness of natural ventilation - for this you will have to take measurements indoors, and at the moment when the outdoor air temperature is 5 ° C. In addition, this requires special equipment.Therefore, in most cases, indicators that it's time to get a fan are fungus or mold in the bathroom (for example, in the seams between tiles, other secluded places) or an unpleasant smell. After all, most negative processes occur without visible signs and become apparent only at advanced stages.

Another important disadvantage of natural air exchange is the inability to effectively regulate its performance.

In addition, the use of energy-efficient windows and doors significantly affects the performance of the traditional system. The tightness of which is violated by the natural processes of air exchange.

As a result, it can be pointed out that natural ventilation is structurally reliable, not expensive and is able to cope with the functions assigned to it. But with the exception of critical moments caused by the instability of natural air exchange and significant loads when using the bathroom.

The diagram shows a fan, as well as a humidity sensor (MP590), a time relay (MP8037ADC). Which are designed to control a switching power supply (PW1245), which will automate the ventilation system and make it efficient and economical

Taking into account all these points, the alternative solution is the use of a mixed ventilation system. It will permanently remove polluted air, moisture in a natural way, and under significant loads - forcibly, that is, with the help of a fan

Which is more likely to make living conditions comfortable and non-hazardous to health, and at a moderate cost.

At the same time, you should not use the fan on an ongoing basis. Since this significantly increases operating costs, reduces fire safety.

What should be the ventilation in an apartment building

To the question "What should be the ventilation in an apartment building?" easy enough to answer - serviceable. It is very easy to check the quality of her work. This can be done using a regular paper sheet. The newspaper is fine.

A small piece should be brought a short distance to the ventilation grill and pay attention to the behavior of the paper. If the system works stably, then the edges of the sheet will deviate towards the hole in the wall

Important: in no case should you use matches, lighters and other combustible devices to test

The fact is that in the channels there may be flammable gases that are easily ignited.

Important: in no case should you use matches, lighters and other combustible devices to check. The fact is that combustible gases that are easily ignited can be present in the channels. This is extremely rare, but can lead to emergencies.

This happens extremely rarely, but can lead to emergencies.

If the piece of paper does not react in any way, then this indicates that there are some malfunctions in the ventilation system. In order to verify this, you need to provide a draft in the apartment by opening the windows, and repeat the described procedure. If the paper began to noticeably move towards the grate, then the system channels are in order, otherwise the ventilation system is clogged.

What should be the correct ventilation in an apartment and a private house

It is important to remember that in a private house it is necessary to design in such a way that there is an influx of fresh air into all rooms, regardless of whether they are residential or technical. At the same time, take into account the functional purpose of each area and, on this basis, equip natural or forced ventilation

It is necessary to provide an influx of fresh air in the amount of 6-7 m3 / h for each cubic meter of the bathroom and about 8-10 m3 / h for a toilet or a combined bathroom.

In general, it is necessary to take into account the following features in a private house:

The space organized under the floor (cellars, closets, storerooms) must be ventilated. This will avoid dampness in the absence of sunlight. There will also be no musty smell and mold growth. When arranging these areas, it is necessary to organize openings for ventilation - the diameter should be at least 12 cm. In the case of a rectangular hole, the dimensions of both sides should not be less than 10 cm. In addition, they must be located above the floor level by at least 30 cm.
In private houses with two or more floors, the problematic area is the staircase, which serves as a natural ventilation duct. But if the air moves freely through it, it will fall from the lower floors to the upper ones, which will contribute to a sharp temperature drop on different floors of the house. To do this, it is recommended to provide each room on the second and subsequent floors with a door that closes tightly. But in the attic room they put forced ventilation.This must be done because the low height of the ventilation duct will not provide the desired thrust.
For the kitchen room, it is imperative to make separate ventilation ducts with an outlet pipe located high enough above the roof level

This will provide sufficient draft intensity to rid the room of all accumulated vapors, gas decomposition products and other harmful substances accumulated here.
It should be noted that the kitchen is equipped with a steel pipe hood. Moreover, the inner surface must be extremely smooth.

This will contribute to less soot, soot and other greasy fumes.
To clean the kitchen, as efficiently as possible, from all unpleasant odors, vapors and other suspended particles, forced ventilation is organized in the form of an exhaust hood. Its effectiveness, especially at the time of cooking, is undeniable.

Experts recommend organizing ventilation, the performance of which is 20% more than the required volume in m3 / h.

Features of ventilation equipment, both in a private house and in apartments:

• The kitchen is the place where the ventilation equipment must be approached very responsibly. Moreover, in addition to the ventilation duct, it is necessary to take into account kitchen equipment. The kitchen with a total volume of 8 m3 allows the installation of a stove with 2 burners.
• With a cubic capacity of 12 m3, 3 burners can already be used.
• And only with an excess of 15 m3 can a full-fledged stove with four burners be allowed.
• It should be noted that special ventilation shafts are not provided in the living rooms in the apartment.It is for this reason that it is desirable to install plastic windows with a special valve that allows for additional air flow.
• In the kitchen, with proper planning, at the construction stage, there will always be two openings - one for natural ventilation of the room, the second for the outlet of the pipe from the gas boiler or column.
• Most often, a bathroom, toilet or combined bathroom is equipped with a special fan of appropriate power. Without it, moisture will accumulate here, fungus will form and a musty smell will appear.

The organization of forced ventilation involves the installation of an exhaust fan.

Types of ventilation systems

The ventilation device in the bath varies according to the design of the room and its total volume. Natural ventilation is based on the difference in temperature and pressure inside and outside. In order for it to work efficiently, the air inlet is organized near the stove, at a level of 25-35 cm from the floor. The outlet is made on opposite walls about 15-25 cm below the ceiling

But it is important to consider that such a scheme is not good enough for steam rooms, since it is relatively cold down there, and always hot upstairs.

The natural movement of air in such a situation is too difficult to organize, you will have to very carefully and accurately arrange the components of the ventilation system. A forced circuit does not always require the use of electronic control systems, with complex panels and so on. There are simpler options when ventilation windows, placed in a special way, are complemented by an exhaust fan.The combination of such components is especially effective when the bath is located inside the house, the windows are not placed inside the outer wall, but are connected to the exits by a long ventilation box. Duct fans must be selected very carefully, because the conditions for their operation in baths differ from the usual parameters.

The peculiarity of such devices lies in the increased waterproofing of electrical circuits and main mechanical parts, in adaptation to work at high temperatures without consequences for technology. The state of supply ventilation and its arrangement in each room is adapted to individual characteristics and to the type of bath. It follows that the time spent on calculations and thinking through the project is not wasted - it will save a lot of money and time, get the best result sooner.

As already known, the bulk of the projects involve the location of the introductory windows near the furnaces, 0.25-0.35 m from the floor. With this design, the stove transfers heat to the air coming from outside, and a flow occurs that moves in the direction of the hood. Having overcome the entire distance, hot and street flows eventually cover the entire volume of the steam room, and the area where the upper shelf is located is heated the most.

In the second option, by installing an exhaust fan, it is possible to mount the inlet and outlet openings on the same wall. The air flow is directed first in the direction of the heating device. Having received a thermal impulse, it begins to rise towards the ceiling and moves in a wide arc that covers the entire room. This approach will be effective if the bath is built into the house and has only one outer wall, while there is no need to arrange a ventilation duct.

If a bath with a leaking floor is created, the introductory window is placed in the same place as in the first case, directly next to the stove. When the heated air gives off heat in the upper lobe of the steam room, it cools and descends to the floor, leaving through the holes in the flooring. This technique improves the evaporation of water accumulating below and allows you to delay the failure of the wooden floor. The hood is placed either in the next room, or in isolated channels that do not allow air to return to the steam room. The complexity of the flow path makes the use of a fan mandatory. This option is used very rarely, since it is not easy to calculate everything exactly, it is not easy to foresee the details properly.

Another type provides for a continuously operating furnace, the blower hole of which replaces the hood. For the inflow, a window is made under the shelf opposite the furnace itself and at the same level. Cold air displaces the heated mass upwards, and when the heat-releasing parts of the flow descend, they go into the blower channel. There are even more complex systems when a pair of supply and a pair of outlet ventilation windows are placed (always with a forced circulation type). It is rather difficult to adjust complicated complexes, but their effectiveness is higher than in the simplest cases.

The Bastu system is the placement of supply openings (with adjustable valves) behind or below the furnace. The organization of vents under the stove is not required, although it is highly desirable. Through these openings, air from the underground part of the bath enters the room, which is connected to the external atmosphere by the foundation vents.When a bath is made in a previously finished room, you need to choose a room with a pair of external walls; when preparing the basement, choose an angle that meets the same requirements. The dimensions of the inlet and outlet are calculated according to the general rules.

Rooms to be equipped with ventilation ducts

It is most important to organize ventilation ducts in those rooms where the air is prone to pollution. For a private house, this is primarily a kitchen, bathrooms, pantries, as well as an individual heating point (ITP), a garage

In the bathroom, the air is usually waterlogged and you need to constantly ventilate the room to avoid the appearance of condensation and fungi. In the kitchen, during cooking, particles of fat, moisture and soot enter the air, which also need to be eliminated.

In living quarters - bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms - ventilation is also necessary. However, here it can be organized in a natural way. This is achieved due to loose door frames (with gaps between the floor and the door) and special valves on the windows, which provide air from the street without opening the windows.

Ventilation schemes: 1) using deflectors, 2) using valves

Additional premises

boiler room ventilation

1. ITP (individual heating point) - is located, as a rule, in the basement. To ensure air exchange, it is necessary to know the modernization of the boiler:
   • Solid fuel (wood, coal).
   • Liquid fuel (diesel fuel).
   • Gas (natural gas, gas tank).

   In any case, there are general requirements for the design of the ITP:

   • Exhaust gases must exit through a separate stainless steel duct system (sandwich).
   • A window opening is a must.
2. Garage - located, as a rule, in the annex or basement.

A prerequisite is the presence of local exhaust from the exhaust and forced supply and exhaust ventilation.

FEATURES OF THE DEVICE OF LOCAL VENT SYSTEMS

The local ventilation system serves only a certain area in the house or one room - a bathroom, a bathroom, a kitchen, a dressing room, a pantry.

Rules for organizing air exchange bathrooms are regulated by SNiP41-01-2003. Forced ventilation in the bathroom should provide 6 or 8 air changes per hour to ensure that the room is completely dry from moisture. If the area of ​​​​the bathroom is about 5 square meters. m, then a fan with a capacity of 80–100 cubic meters per hour will cope with this task.

The choice of device for power depends on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room and the number of people who constantly use the bathroom. In bathrooms, toilets, shower rooms, electric fans with an increased level of protection against humidity - IP44 or IP45 should be installed. It is better if these are low-voltage devices with voltage up to 24 V.

The main type of forced ventilation in the kitchen is exhaust. The hood is needed to permanently remove combustion products, odors, smoke, soot from the room, and bring them outside. According to the method of using the exhaust air, the kitchen hood can be flow-through and recirculating.

The first one simply removes the products of combustion to the street, the second processes them and returns the purified warm air back to the room. The most common types are flow hoods - they are cheaper and work more efficiently.

According to the configuration and method of installation, kitchen hoods are of different types:

• suspended;
• domed;
• corner;
• island;
• embedded.

When building ventilation systems, it should be borne in mind that kitchen hoods should always have a check valve and a separate ventilation duct to remove carbon dioxide directly to the street.

Connecting kitchen hoods to a common ventilation system is prohibited.

The direction of the ventilation duct above the stove must be vertically upwards. The kitchen hood does not use plastic or aluminum - only stainless or galvanized steel, resistant to corrosion and high temperatures.

Installation of forced ventilation is the most important part of construction and repair work, without which it is impossible to ensure healthy living conditions and comfort in the house. The right choice of equipment and technological solutions will allow the homeowner to effectively solve the issue of air exchange in a house or apartment and save money.

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Advantages of a mechanical ventilation system

Modern conditions of urban housing are increasingly forced to install forced ventilation of the bathroom. It has a list of pros:

• timely removal of excess moisture, heat together with the exhaust air;
• the ability to control the time, ventilation cycles with the help of additional options for mechanical equipment;
• change of air masses regardless of air temperature and season;
• the budgetary cost of many means of coercive inducement;
• the ability to adjust air exchange not only in the bathroom, but in the kitchen;
• in the bathroom, the temperature-humidity balance is normalized, the mold does not reappear after its removal;
• preservation of furniture, metal parts for a long time;
• condensation does not remain on walls, ceilings, and other surfaces.

Drafting a project

In this case, it cannot be said that a quality project is easy to create with your own hands. Standard schemes also do not exist, the reason is simple, this is a wide variety of buildings, the peculiarities of the location of the premises in them. The design consists of 2 stages: the first is the development of technical specifications, the second is the selection of the optimal ventilation scheme.

Technical task

At this stage, the requirements for air exchange are determined: to its volume and type. Moreover, for each room of the house (apartment) there are certain parameters. They must always be taken into account.

1. Living quarters, rooms converted into gyms. They need a constant supply of fresh air. Its volume entirely depends on the number of residents in the premises. Often it is required to take into account not only the volume of air exchange, but also the temperature and humidity of the supply air.
2. Rooms that are always “wet”: bathroom, toilet, toilet, laundry. The best option would be a "tandem" - natural hood and forced. The first will work all the time, and the auxiliary equipment only when it is needed. For example, when you turn on the lights.
3. The kitchen is a room where moisture, soot, and grease regularly accumulate. She also needs a combination of natural and forced ventilation. An extractor hood installed above the hob must be switched on while the appliance is in operation, when significant steam is generated during cooking.
4. Boiler, furnace. In this case, provide for the construction of a chimney.
5. Corridor, closet. They imply a natural kind of ventilation.
6. Garage, workshop. They need an autonomous system.

The development of technical specifications can be done independently, or invite experienced specialists. They themselves will adhere to all standards regarding the speed and frequency of air exchange, which means that the owners will not have to deal with mandatory calculations.

Choosing the optimal scheme

What should be the ideal system? Comfortable, functional, as efficient as possible. High-quality ventilation must meet several requirements.

1. A good system is one that is understandable and allows owners who do not have special knowledge to easily and simply regulate the microclimate.
2. The prescribed maintenance of ventilation equipment cannot create insurmountable difficulties that the residents themselves cannot cope with.
3. The minimum number of complex elements is welcome. In this case, the owners do not have to wait for the failure of any part of the system.
4. The presence of insurance. If a node failure does occur, then a backup solution will be able to guarantee the further operation of ventilation.
5. Stealth. This requirement is one of the most important conditions, since any system should not spoil the interior of the rooms.
6. The main must have a minimum length, which means not too many ducts, bends.

The choice of ventilation scheme depends on other factors. They are:

• area of ​​premises;
• materials of walls, ceilings:
• cleanliness or pollution of the outside air;
• financial possibilities of future owners of ventilation.

It is better for property owners to immediately take into account all the funds: both a one-time investment for the purchase of all elements of the system, and the amount that will be needed for ventilation maintenance. This list also includes the cost of electricity spent to maintain an optimal microclimate.