The principle of operation of a typical dishwasher: design, main components, operating rules

Washing and drying process

Although the process itself is fully automatic, it still starts manually. To do this, dishes are placed in the appropriate compartments, softening salt, conditioner and detergent are loaded.

Then the program is selected on the control panel. Next comes the dishwasher. The principle of operation of any model is as follows:

1. Water is collected from the water supply system.
2. Water is heated by heating elements. The unit is usually connected to a cold water source.
3. Detergents, pre-laid in a special compartment, automatically enter the dispensers located on top.
4. Dishes are sprayed with jets of water supplied under various pressures and directions.
5. The first portion of dirty water is drained through the system into the water supply. Then the cycle repeats.
6. The sprayers are now supplied with clean, conditioned water. It's time to rinse the dishes.
7. The final stage is drying. It is this function that deserves special attention when choosing a unit. For example, condensation drying is used in almost all cheap machines. Water evaporates from the surface, settles on the cold walls of the chamber and simply flows down. The result is a rather long drying process. There is a possibility of streaks on dried plates. The turbo dryer dries dishes much faster. The built-in fan is already used here. There are no streaks and traces of drops with such drying. However, this option consumes a lot of energy. Heat exchanger - such drying combines the advantages of condensation and turbo drying. The fan is not used, the process is faster, there are no streaks on the dishes. But cars with such a system are quite expensive.
8. The device of the dishwasher also assumes the presence of an indication. It allows you to verify the correctness of the selected programs and track the washing process. The machine is notified of the end of the procedure with sound and light signals. Some models are equipped with a half-beam projection function that signals the end of the program.

Description of the processes occurring in the dishwasher

Despite the prejudice of people that the dishwasher is a very complex and capricious appliance, let's say that this is absolutely not the case. "Dishwasher" refers to technically simple units, and it is not difficult to understand the principles of its operation.As soon as we put the dishwasher in place, connect it to plumbing, sewerage and electricity, and then load the dirty dishes, a number of interesting processes take place.

• First, we set the washing program, press the start button, and then we go about our business.
• Without us, the washing cycle begins, which is carried out without human intervention. The control unit gives a command, the water intake valve opens and water enters a special container.
• Next comes the mixing of water with salt. Salt softens water and makes dishwashing more efficient. At the same time, the control module activates the heating element. Further processes do not start until the water in the chamber is heated to the desired temperature (temperature is set by the user).

• Further actions of the dishwasher depend on the set program. Suppose the dishes we loaded were very dirty, and we turned on the soak mode first. The control module instructs the circulation pump to supply a mixture of water and detergent in very small portions to the spray arm, which begins to spray the dirty dishes with drops for a long time, to ensure the effect of softening the dried dirt.
• Then the primary rinse is activated. Now the circulation pump delivers the mixture to the sprinkler, and food residues are washed off under pressure. The main sprinkler is located at the bottom of the hopper under the lower dish basket. It not only sprays water and detergents, but also rotates, which makes it possible to cover all the dishes.
• In the future, the water that was used for rinsing is not drained, but passes through coarse filters and returns to the tank.There, the system increases the concentration of the detergent and re-sprays the dishes, which allows you to remove most of the dirt from it.

• Next, the system gives a command to drain the waste water. Dirty water is pumped out by a drain pump, instead a little water is poured, which rinses the tank from the inside, and then it is drained into the sewer.
• Now the valve opens and clean water is poured into the tank to rinse the dishes from dirt and detergent residues. The algorithm is simple, clean water under significant pressure is supplied by a circulation pump to the sprayer, and it washes away detergent residues from the dishes. The device can repeat the process of rinsing dishes, which increases the program execution time.
• Next, the control module gives a command to drain the waste water, and the pump removes water from the tank into the sewer.
• Now it's time for drying. If the dishwasher has a forced drying function, then a special fan blows hot air heated by the heating element into the bin with dishes, and it dries very quickly. If there is no such function, then drying is carried out naturally in convection mode.

We have described, in general terms, what happens inside the dishwasher. Perhaps our description will seem complicated to you, then you can watch a video that demonstrates the operation of a dishwasher. Or you can find and watch the video and compare it with our description. Whatever, just to get an idea of ​​​​the operation of dishwashers, you will spend a little time on this.

How does a dishwasher drain work? Dishwasher drain connection.

There are two ways to connect the drain to the sewer outlet pipe.

1 way to connect the drain

If the dishwasher will be placed next to the kitchen sink, the drain from the machine can be connected to the kitchen sink siphon. To do this, reinstall the sink siphon. Install a siphon with additional drain pipes. Siphons come with one or two additional water drain inlets.

2 way to connect the drain

It is possible to organize a drain from the machine directly into the outlet sewer pipe. At the same time, it must be remembered that the drain from the dishwasher should be located at a height of at least 40 cm from the level of the machine itself. This is necessary so that the machine does not “suck” dirty water from the sewer during operation.

If the general apartment sewer level is located below 40 cm, it is necessary to bend the outlet hose at the sewer inlet in the form of a reverse U.

How does a dishwasher work

Before you start using the washing machine in the kitchen, it must be connected to communications: electricity, water supply and sewerage. Basically, such work is performed by masters, but if you have a tool and skills, you can connect the PMM yourself. How to do this, you can read here.

The following consumables are required for the operation of the dishwasher:

• specially prepared salt for softening water (removing salts from it);
• detergent;
• conditioner.

The use of a special type of salt that softens water is a necessary condition for high-quality dishwashing. When using tablets in which all three components are combined, salt is still added to the container.

Consumables for dishwashers

So, consider the principle of operation of the dishwasher. Her work takes place in several stages:

1. Dirty dishes are loaded into the baskets located in the working chamber. It should be noted that the dishes must be placed strictly according to the rules, otherwise they will not wash properly.
2. The machine is turned on and the program of its work is selected. For example, for too dirty kitchen utensils, a preliminary soaking mode is selected, as well as a high temperature for heating water.
3. Through the inlet hose and inlet valve, water begins to flow into the reservoir designated for it. The liquid is mixed with salt and softened. In parallel, the water is heated up to the temperature set by the program. Some models of household appliances from Bosch, Siemens, Electrolux and other well-known manufacturers have the ability to connect not only to cold, but also to hot water. Despite this, experts do not recommend connecting hot water, since the PMM will heat it up anyway.
4. Once the liquid has reached the correct temperature, it is mixed with detergent and the pre-soak cycle begins. The circulation pump delivers the mixture in small portions to the sprinklers (hereinafter also referred to as sprayers). Under the pressure of the liquid, the nozzles begin to rotate and distribute the detergent mixture through the nozzles over the entire surface of the dirty dishes. Water softens dried food residues. As soon as this task is completed, the primary rinse mode is activated. The pump intensively supplies liquid to the atomizers. Under the influence of strong pressure, most of the sagging dirt residues are washed off the kitchen utensils.
5. Dirty liquid is not drained into the sewer, but passes through the filter, being cleaned for reuse.This saves resources. Detergent is again added to the purified water. A more concentrated mixture is again sprayed over the surface of the dishes in a large volume, completely washing away the remaining dirt. Only after repeated use is the dirty liquid drained into the sewer using a pump.
6. For the final rinse of the kitchen utensils, the inlet valve opens again and clean water is drawn into the tank. First, the container is rinsed with a small amount of it, and then the tank is filled for the final stage. A high-pressure drain pump delivers liquid to the spray nozzles, which allows you to completely wash away detergent residues and dirt. Depending on the selected program, rinsing can be carried out once or twice. After the process is completed, the drain pump removes the waste water into the sewer.
7. The final step is drying the washed dishes. Depending on the design of the PMM, kitchen utensils are dried forcibly or in a natural (convection) mode. The forced option provides that heated air is forced into the chamber and quickly dries the dishes. Natural drying takes longer.

Forced turbo drying in dishwashers

Now you know how PMM does dishwashing. As you can see, there is nothing complicated about this. The main feature is that hot soft water, diluted with a detergent composition, is able to wash off even the oldest and most dried-up dirt.

We offer you to see with your own eyes from the inside what happens in the dishwasher chamber when it works:

Dishwashers are increasingly winning the hearts of buyers in Russia and neighboring countries.As you can see, anyone can handle their maintenance, and the benefits and time savings are enormous.

The principle of operation of the dishwasher

A diagram of its device must be in the instructions. But often the algorithm of action is written in technical language that is difficult to understand. Everything is much simpler - let's analyze the scheme of work using the example of a Bosch machine.

First of all, dirty dishes are placed in the device. In this case, the cutlery is stacked horizontally. Then, using the "Start" or "Start" buttons, the user launches the desired program or mode, according to which the washing will be performed. Then the machine starts to work. The process consists in the fact that water is supplied to the tank through the water intake valve. The liquid enters only in a special container.

Dishwasher operation

Just a few articles ago, we considered the principle of operation of the dishwasher in brief, i.e. without much enthusiasm - check it out if you need a general theory. “Advanced” we will analyze these issues now. Who is too lazy to read, watch the video - everything is very detailed and interestingly described there:

The technology of the dishwasher is primitive and simple. It is used by absolutely all manufacturers. Even the most expensive machine works on the same principle as the cheapest, but the result is different. So, the whole point boils down to this:

This is how all dishwashers work. There is nothing fancy here. On the contrary, this technology is primitive, but the main thing is that it works and sometimes even very well.The only dishwashing device that differs in technology is the compact portable dishwasher without running water. Everything is generally simple here: pour water manually, turn the handle on the body, and take out clean dishes. Drain the water yourself. This option is suitable for a summer residence or a country house, but not for an apartment.

They make life easier for many women, because washing dishes takes a huge amount of time. The technique without any extra effort will be able to do all the work quickly, washing the dishes to a shine. Consider the principle of operation of the dishwasher and its device.

How is the "dishwasher" arranged?

To better understand what happens inside the dishwasher during operation, you need to study its device. If we disassemble the dishwasher and take a look at its structure from the inside, we will see a system of aggregates and sensors interacting with each other. Although the machine is arranged and is not difficult, if you are going to disassemble it for the first time in your life, record your actions on video.
The video will then help to correctly put all the details in place, after the repair work has been carried out.

The main parts of the dishwasher are located at the bottom of the case, from the inside it looks quite interesting. In the bowels of the hull is located:

Here is a general list of items installed in the dishwasher. Where and how they are installed, you can see in the picture above. If this is not enough to understand the big picture, you can find a video on the Internet showing the details of the dishwasher.

Why does the “dishwasher” wash even very dirty dishes?

Now let's dispel the myth about the inefficiency of the dishwasher.Numerous tests, both in laboratory conditions and in the conditions of an ordinary average apartment, confirm that the “dishwasher” is quite capable of caring for a whole mountain of dishes. Why does she succeed? There are at least three good reasons:

1. dishes are washed using a special salt solution and detergents that dissolve food residues and grease;
2. washing takes place in water heated to the optimum temperature;
3. the dishes are sprayed with water, which is fed under high pressure in a fan-like manner, which allows you to spray all washed items from all sides.

Of course, if you stuff a pot with a centimeter layer of burnt into the dish tray, the dishwasher is unlikely to cope with such pollution.
However, it is reliably known that after a washing cycle, even such dirt is greatly softened from the inside and can then be removed manually, using a small amount of abrasive cleaner. In general, without exaggeration, we can say that the dishwasher is one of the most necessary household appliances in the kitchen, and if this story does not convince you, read

You load dirty dishes into the dishwasher, press a couple of buttons, the device works, and then you take out clean ones - this is how a household dishwashing device works. However, not everyone knows how everything works from the inside. Let's see how the dishes are "washed" in the dishwasher chamber. The following is a technology in plain language that is accessible to everyone.

dishwasher device

Varieties of household dishwashers in the photo

You can get acquainted with the internal structure of the dishwasher by opening its front wall. The list of main units and components of the unit includes:

1. Control Panel.
2. Processor board.
3. Electric motor.
4. dispenser.
5. Dryer air path.
6. Turbofan.
7. Upper and lower baskets.
8. Cutlery basket.
9. Upper and lower rocker.
10. Injection pump.
11. Filter system and softener.
12. Tray and drainage.
13. Counterweight.
14. Capacitor.
15. Water supply valve.
16. Top and bottom (side) atomizers.
17. Container for detergents.
18. Float regulator.
19. Ion exchanger.
20. Salt container.

The basis of the dishwasher is a sealed metal case, coated on the inside with a stainless composition, insensitive to temperature fluctuations and the aggressive effects of detergents and equipped with sound and thermal insulation. The control panel is located on the front wall of the machine. It consists of a timer (microcontroller), control buttons and an indicator display.

Spray blocks (impeller) consist of a system of tubes and nozzles. Through them, heated water with detergent is supplied to the interior of the machine under pressure, which ensures high quality cleaning and washing dishes.

The dishwasher float switch is the main means of protection against leakage. The drain assembly has a design similar to the drain in washing machines.

And one of the main components of the dishwasher is a water pump, which is installed in conjunction with an electric motor. Equally important is the filtration system - it serves to catch food debris and other debris.

The choice of programs for work

Modern models have several modes of operation, each of which differs in the following parameters:

• the duration of the washing process;
• fluid flow rate;
• water heating temperature
• the presence or absence of additional stages of work.

On the front control panel PMM "Bosch" you can select the program of work

The software may provide the following modes:

1. Automatic, in which the main parameters - water temperature, washing duration, the presence or absence of pre-soaking or additional rinsing - PMM chooses independently. For this, special sensors are provided (if any).
2. Quick. Its duration is two times shorter than the standard one. It is performed at a liquid temperature of +50…55 ℃. There are no soaking and drying steps. Do not wash heavily soiled utensils in this mode.
3. Delicate is intended for fragile dishes made of crystal, glass, porcelain and similar materials. Water temperature from +40 to +45 ℃.
4. Economical allows you to save water and electricity. In this mode, any utensils are washed, except for the dirtiest.
5. The standard one is most often used and washes any dishes, except for very dirty ones. The temperature of the liquid is in the region of + 55 ... 60 ℃.
6. Intensive mode washes out the dirtiest dishes. Water is heated to a temperature of +70…75 ℃.

One of the examples of the list of available modes reflected in the instructions for the dishwasher

I would like to note that the models of different manufacturers of the program of work and their number differ significantly. The list of modes can be found in the instructions for the dishwasher. Many manuals additionally indicate in which cases to use a particular program.

Stages of work and processes occurring in the dishwasher

The operation algorithm of the machine is given in the instructions attached to each device. In our article, we will consider all the stages and try to explain them in the most accessible language. It all starts with the fact that the PMM must be connected in the kitchen to the electrical network, water supply and sewerage. With certain skills, these operations can be done independently or you can call the masters.

When the connection is completed, you can start working:

• Fill the dishwasher hoppers with consumables: special salt, detergent and rinse aid. You can use tablets in which the last components are combined, but salt should still be poured separately - it softens the water.
• Load dirty dishes into baskets. How to do it correctly is described in our article.
• Start the dishwasher and select a program that matches the degree of soiling of the loaded dishes.
• By pressing the "Start" button, the working process begins - water from the water supply begins to flow through the inlet valve into the container located inside the PMM.
• When mixed with salt, the liquid becomes softer. Soft water is much more effective at washing dishes. In addition, the formation of a large amount of scale is prevented. At the same time, the process of heating water to the temperature set by the washing program takes place (in case the machine is connected only to cold water). Some models of dishwashers (Bosch, Siemens and other well-known brands) have the ability to connect to cold and hot water, which are mixed to the desired temperature.
• If very dirty dishes with dried food residues are loaded, their cleaning should begin with the soaking process.Water is mixed with detergent and the circulation pump delivers it in small portions to the nozzles of the spray impellers located in the upper and lower parts of the chamber. Rotating under water pressure, the impellers distribute the detergent composition to the surface of the dishes until all the dried dirt is limp. Then the rinse mode is activated. The pump pumps liquid to the impeller nozzles in full. The main wash jets are sprayed from the lower spray impeller, washing most food waste from the dishes.
• During rinsing, the liquid is filtered and collected in the PMM tank. It does not drain into the sewer, but is used again. To do this, an additional portion of detergent is added to the collected liquid and a repeated rinsing process takes place to wash food residues from the dishes.
• As soon as the plates and cups are washed, the spent liquid is pumped out by a drain pump into the sewer. Then the inlet valve opens and the container is rinsed from the inside with clean water, which is then also removed into the sewer. The clean tank is refilled with fresh water for the final step of rinsing the washed dishes.
• Water is mixed with rinse aid and is supplied by a circulation pump to the impeller nozzles under strong pressure. At the same time, all food residues and detergents are washed off the surfaces. In parallel, dirt is removed from the chamber in which the entire process takes place. At the end, all the liquid is drained into the sewer.
• The final stage of work is drying.Depending on the PMM model, the dishes can be dried under the action of forced hot air or naturally (convection drying), using a heat exchanger.

The processes of washing and rinsing dishes can be repeated several times, depending on the selected program. Thus, despite the presence of many steps, the principle of operation of the dishwasher is quite simple. But at the same time, the household appliance has design features that users need to know in order to operate it correctly.

This is interesting: How to dye jeans and other clothes in the washing machine

Preparation for the first inclusion

Manufacturers require, and this is stated in the instructions for use, before the first start, be sure to test the machine in idle mode, that is, without dishes. Flushing will remove small debris and grease residues and will allow you to understand how the mechanism functions.

During the test run, you can determine whether the water is heating up and how quickly it leaves the wash chamber. Also, the user will be able to detect installation errors: are wires or hoses pinched, are there any leaks at the connection points.

Testing is carried out according to all the rules of washing, but without dishes. You can select the mode that determines the specifics of processing and the washing cycle by pressing one button or using the key combination indicated in the instructions. After the rinsing process is successfully completed, you need to wait until the machine has cooled down and carry out the first wash, but with a full load.

An example of preparing for the first launch using the built-in Flavia model as an example:

If all preparations are done correctly, the machine will turn on automatically when the door is closed.It is better to control the process of the first wash in order to make sure that the unit is in good condition and to avoid troubles associated, for example, with incorrect loading.

After the end of the cycle, you need to wait 10-12 minutes for the dishes and the internal parts of the PMM to cool down. Then they take out the utensils and carefully examine it to make sure the quality of the wash.

If there are traces of food on the dishes, it means that the mode is incorrectly selected - next time you need to set a longer program. Whitish stains indicate that the rinse aid did not work well, you should increase the dose or choose a better product.