Coagulants for water purification in the pool: how to choose + rules for use

Why chemicals are needed

If the water is not cleaned in the pool, it will quickly turn into a swamp. However, often the use of certain substances does not lead to crystal clear water.

It is important to use pool cleaners correctly

To effectively purify water, you need to know what contaminants are:

1. Earth, leaves, sand, insects. Various physical objects can fall into the water. Their removal is carried out using a filtration system. There are no alternative methods. Without a filter, the water will have to be changed very often.
2. Substances excreted by the human body: sweat, urine, etc. They enter the pool in any case, even if you take a shower before swimming.
3. Bacteria and microbes. Warm water is a great breeding ground for them.
4. Seaweed. Blooming water is one of the main problems of pool owners, because of which many stop their operation.

The range of chemical reagents for cleaning pools available on the market is quite wide. However, drugs are not cheap. Their optimal use will allow you to keep clean water and not empty your wallet.

Frame pool filter

According to the effects of drugs can be divided into the following groups:

• disinfecting water;
• regulating the level of water hardness;
• serving to remove algae;
• used to coarsen dirt particles for the purpose of their further removal;
• combined products.

According to the intensity of exposure, chemical substances are divided into those used:

• to maintain the cleanliness of the pool;
• for intensive cleaning.

Why is it more profitable to buy coagulants in Moscow than in your own city?

In this chapter, we will talk about how to choose and buy coagulant. For swimming pools, ponds, storage tanks and other artificial reservoirs, the best solution would be to use polyaluminum chlorhydroxide or an organic preparation, but you may not like the price of the latter.

Buying coagulants in Moscow will be more profitable, and here's why: not every corporation has representative offices in all cities of Russia, not to mention small manufacturers. Therefore, in your city you will find a reseller who purchased goods in Moscow and brought them to you for sale. It is better to bypass this mediation and order a purchase in the capital.

Attention! Most modern manufacturers have websites where you can find contacts or shipping information. Most often, it is possible to order goods online and receive them by mail within a few days.

2 Chloritex

Chloritex is a product based on the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (54% available chlorine). It can be used for both planned and shock disinfection. It is produced in the format of granules or tablets of 10-100 g, packaged in containers from 0.8 to 50 kg. Chloritex has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, killing most of the known bacteria. Dissolving quickly in water, tablets and granules guarantee excellent disinfection performance.

The drug must be dissolved in a small amount of water before use. The resulting solution is poured at several points of a stationary or frame pool. For regular cleaning per 10 m3 of water, you will need 20 g daily, the loading dose is 200 g for the same volume.

How to choose the right chemistry? Step by step. Let's get started.

PH-minus

pH balance adjustment

pH is a measure of the level of acidity or alkalinity of water. For the pool, the optimal pH value is in the range of 7.0 - 7.6. An increase in the level “gives” lime precipitation, an unpleasant odor and contributes to skin and eye irritation. In general, being in the water begins to anger. Decrease - threatens tile seams with destruction, and metal parts with corrosion.

“The first thing after filling is to measure and, if necessary, adjust the pH of the water. But this point is seldom given importance. What kind of water is, that is what fills the pool.

For measurements, there are various pH testers - indicator, drip, tablet and the most "advanced" - electronic. In the first three weeks after the launch of your pool, it is advisable to take measurements daily in order to immediately make adjustments. The results (pH value / when and how much was added) should preferably be recorded in a special notebook. This will allow you to track the frequency that will be needed to adjust the water quality in the future.

What to use to INCREASE the pH level:

→pH-BUFFER-plus, →AquaDoctor pH Plus, →Equi-plus

The pH consumption rates depend on the actual indicator and the amount of water in the pool. Packaging - tablets (granules) or liquid.

In addition to manual dosing options, automatic dosing options such as ASIN Aqua can also be used. They themselves determine the level of water quality and, if necessary, add a reagent.

Rating of tablets for disinfecting water in the pool by manufacturers

Only high-quality products can guarantee safety and high cleaning efficiency. The most famous brands are:

• "Intex" (China);
• "AquaDoctor", "Delphin", "Chemo form", "Fresh Pool", "Crystal Pool" (Germany);
• Barchemicals (Italy);
• Arch Water Products (France);
• "Markopul-Chemicals" (RF).

These manufacturers produce a wide range of chemistry for pools, our rating will help simplify the choice.

Tablets for the pool "Longafor" manufacturer "Markopul-Chemicals"

This chemical composition has a prolonged action and is recommended for use once every 7-14 days.For moderate pollution, 7 g per 1 m³ of water is sufficient; for shock therapy, an increase in dosage is possible.

As of July 2019, you can buy bleach tablets on Yandex.Market at the following prices:

• 1 kg - 630 rubles;
• 5 kg - 2400 rubles;
• 30 kg - 13500 rubles.

It is necessary to correctly calculate how many Longafor chlorine tablets can be added to the poolTablets for the pool Longafor Markopul-Chemicals

"Aquablanc O2" manufacturer "Chemo form"

Tablets can be used for primary and weekly treatment of small pools, including inflatable ones. They do not contain chlorine and dissolve fairly quickly in water. Recommended dosage: 10 g per 1 m³ of water.

On Yandex.Market as of July 2019, you can buy the drug at the following prices:

• 1 kg - 1546 rubles;
• 5 kg - 4260 rubles;
• 50 kg - 46170 rubles.

Tableted chemistry "Aquablanc O2" .uaPool tablets Aquablanc O2 Chemo form

HTH Minitab Action 5 by Arch Water Products

In tablets, the chlorine content exceeds 86%. They are slowly soluble and are protected from rapid decay, as well as from exposure to sunlight. It should be used weekly, 20 g of the drug per 1-2 m³ of water.

As of July 2019, you can buy pool tablets on Yandex.Market at the following prices:

• 1.2 kg - 1525 rubles;
• 5 kg - 7181 rubles.

Tableted chemistry "HTH Minitab Action 5" HTH Minitab Action 5 Pool Tablets Arch Water Products

Operating principle

Particles that are suspended in water are surrounded by a water film with charged ions.

This feature prevents them from contacting each other. Flocculants are used to neutralize the charge and speed up sedimentation.

Knowing the composition of water and the scope of its further application, positively, negatively or neutrally charged reagents are chosen.

The flocculation process takes place in two stages:

• Adsorption of the active substance on the surface of the particles.
• Formation of floccules (mud flakes).

Flocculants have a significant molecular weight and have a long polymer structure, due to which a kind of bridges are formed and the water-salt shell is destroyed.

Getting into the water, promote gluing and pooling of pollutants. The compounds become heavier, denser and begin to increase in size, allowing filter systems to catch them.

Flocculants can be both mass and partial action. If it is necessary to precipitate only a certain group of substances, selective flocculation is used. A method is in demand, if necessary, to separate fine inorganic suspensions, as well as to improve the efficiency of enrichment.

The work of the coagulant: the essence of the process

The chemistry of the coagulation process involves a wide field of scientific knowledge, the understanding of which will require a certain level of specialized training. We will omit pseudo-scientific details and try to convey the essence.

How coagulants work 1

How coagulants work 2How coagulants work 3

So, we have a certain volume of water contaminated with colloidal particles. These particles are so small that they pass the sand filter. Moreover, their dimensions are so small that they cannot settle to the bottom: the Brownian motion of the molecules causes these particles to constantly stay in suspension.

Attention! Once again: the smallest specks float in the water, which look like turbidity. They pass through the filter and do not settle to the bottom, as water molecules continuously “push” them from different sides, setting them in motion.

As a result, it is impossible to neither filter the water nor settle the dirt to the bottom.

These particles not only do not settle and are not filtered, they also refuse to stick together into larger formations. This is due to the fact that they have the same charge and repel as a result of the action of electrostatic interaction forces.

Here we come to the essence of the coagulation process: after the introduction of a special reagent, the properties of the particles change, they lose their charge, and the suspension begins to stick together into larger lumps. As a result of the elimination of the effect of electrostatic repulsion, the particles approach each other enough to begin the action of an attractive force.

Approach is also prevented by the spatial volume of molecules or atomic groups, which, being in close proximity to the reacting atoms in the molecule, may prevent these atoms from coming together and reacting. This effect is leveled by adding salts and changing the acidity of the medium.

As a result, coagulants do not change the chemical composition of impurities or water. The main characteristic to which their influence is directed is the size of the particles. After adding, say, ferric chloride, individual corpuscles lose their charge and begin to stick together into flakes, which can then be collected or filtered.

Important! The essence of the coagulation process is to make the smallest particles large enough so that they settle to the bottom, or they are retained by the filter. This is the shortest and simplest explanation.

What is a coagulant

Coagulants are pool chemicals containing positively charged molecules that are mutually attracted to negatively charged particles. Almost all of the particles that make water cloudy have a negative (anionic) charge and are attracted to a positive (cationic) coagulant.

Like a magnet, pool water coagulants begin to coagulate particles, growing from a microscopic size of less than 1 micron to a 30 or 40 micron clump that is easily removed by most pool filters.

Use coagulants to solve cloudy water problems, such as after a spring opening or an algae bloom. They are useful for pools with poor circulation and filtration or poor sanitation, however if you need to use coagulant regularly consider improving these aspects of your pool water treatment.

Types of coagulants and flocculants

There is a wide range of used coagulants and flocculants for water treatment.

In general, they can be divided into two types: inorganic and organic.

• Inorganic compounds are usually metal salts, usually aluminum or iron (aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and ferric chloride are the most widely used).
• Organic compounds are polymers (polyelectrolytes) and are a wide variety of water-soluble macromolecular compounds of natural or synthetic origin that have the property of enhancing the flocculation of suspended particles. In the 1980s, coagulants called metal salt prepolymers began to be developed, among which polyaluminum chloride is one of the the most important and has become a very common compound used in coagulation and flocculation processes.

How to use pool coagulant

1. Raise the water level. You will probably lose some water during the vacuuming process, so it is best to fill the pool up to the maximum level beforehand.

2. Balance the pH to 7.0. Because coagulants can affect pH levels, you should adjust the pH to between 7.0 and 7.2 to ensure that your disinfectant continues to work at peak efficiency.

3. Dilute coagulant. Read the instructions on the package to find out how to dilute it.

4. Add coagulant to the pool. Pour the diluted coagulant around the perimeter of the pool.

5. Run the pool pump for a few hours. This allows the flocculant to be dispersed in every area of ​​the pool.

6. Turn off the pump and leave overnight. The water should be as calm as possible for about 8 hours.

7. Set filter valve to "Drain" or "Waste".

8. Turn on the pump. After these 8 hours, you will see sediment at the bottom of your pool, probably in a giant ring formation. Turn on the pump so it can start filtering the water.

9. Vacuum the bottom of the pool.

10. Add water to the pool.Most likely, you used up some of the water during the cleaning process, so you need to return the water level to normal immediately.

11. Rinse the pool filters. Rinse the filters thoroughly to wash away any deposits and chemical residues that have been collected in them.

Chemical processing

During chemical treatment, the impact on water occurs with the help of chemicals (chlorine, bromine), which prevent the development of bacteria and algae. Adding calcium and sodium salts to the pool helps to stabilize the biosphere and regulate the pH level.

pH control

The acid-base balance of pH is the main indicator of the ecosystem of the reservoir. If this indicator is below 7 units, then this indicates that the water has become acidic with a greenish tint.

If the pH level in the pool is above 7.5 units, then the water becomes alkaline and cloudy. The pH balance is easily checked with an electronic tester.

You can adjust the pH of water by adding sodium bisulfate (pH-) to lower it, and to increase using sodium bicarbonate (pH+). To stabilize by 0.1 units, 100 g of the substance is added per 10 m³ of water.

Algicides

Algicides are used to get rid of algae and plant microorganisms. For their correct use, you just need to look at the instructions. The dosage will depend on the capacity of the pool and the drug used.

Aqua Doctor is used to kill blue-green, black and brown algae. During primary processing:

• dilute 200 ml of the drug in 10 m³ of water;
• pour around the perimeter of the pool;
• turn on the filter.

Algicide Super Pool is used to combat algae and fungal vegetation:

1. Dilute 100-150 ml of product per 10 m³ of water.
2. Pour at the pool water supply point.
3. Leave the pool for 8 hours with the filter on.
4. Rinse the filter after the procedure.

Alba Super K is used to kill green, black and brown algae, as well as bacteria and various fungi:

• Dilute 150 mg of algicide in 10 m³ of water;
• pour near the water supply nozzles into an artificial reservoir.

When choosing drugs, it is necessary to pay attention to those that do not foam and have an effect on specific bacteria and plants present in the pond.

Disinfection

Chlorine-based disinfectants are among the most commonly used for water purification because they kill pathogens.

To maintain constant water chlorination in the norm (0.3-0.5 mg / l), you need to use one tablet of Super-tabs for 30 m³ of water 2 times a week and check the chlorine content with a tester.

To stabilize chlorine, you can increase its level with dichlor granules, and lower it with sodium sulfate, monitoring the pH balance.

In case of heavy contamination, shock chlorination is applied once every 2-3 weeks (once a week is possible):

1. Adjust pH to 7.2.
2. Add 3 tablets of Chlor-mini to 10 m³ of water (weekly dose).
3. For cloudy and green water, add 10 tablets per 10 m³.

With such chlorination, the concentration of chlorine reaches 2.0-3.0 mg / l, and bathing is prohibited for 12 hours, so it is better to do it in the evening.

Do not throw tablets into the pool, as this may cause discoloration of the walls. Chemicals should be placed in the skimmer with the filter on.The high pH level of water neutralizes the effect of chlorine several times over.

coagulants

Coagulants serve to glue the smallest particles into larger compounds, which precipitate and are removed using a vacuum cleaner and filter system.

When purifying water with coagulants, the following steps must be taken:

• bring the pH level of water to normal (7.2-7.6 units);
• according to the instructions, dilute the required amount of the substance, based on the volume of water in the pool;
• add coagulant to the skimmer or pool with the pump turned on for several hours;
• after even distribution of the substance, turn off the pump and wait 8 hours for the coagulant to precipitate along with the debris;
• turn on the pump with filter and vacuum cleaner to collect sediment;
• clean the filter after coagulation.

Coagulants are used to better purify water from small elements and bacteria that the filter cannot remove. It takes 1-2 days to completely clean the pool with coagulant, while the flocculant works almost immediately.

All the most useful and important information on caring for water in a frame pool is here.

Varieties

Complex water purification products are usually divided into several categories:

1. Chlorine-containing. The active substance of these compositions is represented by ions of free chlorine, which is a powerful oxidizing agent.

   Chlorine preparations effectively purify water from most types of microflora and bacteria, but are not able to work with spore-forming species.

   To enhance the effect, additives are used that cleanse from biological components and remove turbidity, adjusting pH and hardness.

2. Bromine-based preparations. They are deprived of the main drawback of chlorine-containing products - a characteristic smell.They effectively purify water from all contaminants, but in some people they cause a strong allergic reaction, requiring a preliminary check of the tolerance of such products. In addition, bromine preparations are more expensive than chlorine-containing ones.
3. Compositions based on active oxygen. Used for small private pools, due to the slow action, they require periodic shock treatment with chlorine compounds. They clean gently, do not cause allergic reactions, therefore they are recommended for use in pools for children or people with hypersensitivity to bromine or chlorine preparations.

Complex preparations are not suitable for shock (shock) cleaning; this type of cleaning is carried out using specialized compounds.

Comparison of coagulants with improvised means

In the absence of filters or their weak power, the problem of flowering water in the pool appears. The lack of necessary reagents forces the use of improvised substances. The most popular are hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate and a solution of brilliant green in alcohol. They have a disinfecting effect. The effect of their use lasts only temporarily and leads to consequences that need to be considered separately.

When hydrogen peroxide is added to the aquatic environment, the substance completely dissolves in it, decomposing into oxygen and water. The disinfecting effect will last until the peroxide is completely decomposed. During the active period, oxygen bubbles are released, and if a filter is installed in the pool, they will interfere with the cleaning process

After its application, flakes of dirty foam appear on the water surface. They are removed mechanically.Even after two days, the process of oxygen release will continue, which gives uncomfortable tactile sensations. When water with dissolved peroxide comes into contact with the skin, a slight tingling will begin.

This aqueous solution should not be swallowed or inhaled. This causes irritation of the mucous membranes. Peroxide allows water to cool more slowly, as it increases its density. However, peroxide cannot replace a full cleaning with a coagulant.

Potassium permanganate diluted in water has a disinfecting property until its color changes from pale pink to light brown or green.

It depends on the aggressiveness of the alkaline environment. After complete decomposition, the water takes on an unpresentable appearance, it will need to be replaced or cleaned with a coagulant

The composition of brilliant green includes alcohol and triphenylmethane dye. There is no exact data on how this coloring pigment affects a person when it enters the body. With prolonged contact of water, in which brilliant green is dissolved, with the walls of the pool, the material changes color.

Porous plastic and tiles acquire a greenish tint. Alcohol evaporates over time from the surface, and only paint remains in the water

These reagents cannot serve as a full-fledged replacement for coagulants, since they do not bind a fine suspension. They can only disinfect water for a short time, while dangerous heavy metals and substances invisible to the eye do not disappear. They remain in the container.

How to understand what kind of chemistry is needed?

Before dwelling on a specific type of product, it is worth deciding what it is for: for cleaning or for preventing pollution.

In order for the water in the pool to please with its transparency and safety, it is enough to use two preparations: disinfectant and from flowering. You can focus on complex compositions that include both functions.

Chemical compositions for water disinfection in private pools are safe, provided that the dosages and purpose of use are observed. Chemistry for country pools is divided into several types:

1. Chlorine - proven in practice and the most productive way to destroy pathogenic bacteria in the aquatic environment. Prevents the appearance of algae.
2. With active oxygen - used for more gentle disinfection.

   No harsh chlorine smell, does not adversely affect the skin of bathers. However, the effectiveness of such drugs is lower than that of chlorine-containing ones.

3. Based on bromine - disinfects water well, but not so popular. Usually used for pools with high water temperature.
4. To stabilize the pH - among such products there are both lowering and increasing the acid-base balance of water. They are resorted to as necessary, since the optimal water level should be in the range of 7-7.4 units.
5. Against flowering - designed to prevent and eliminate the appearance of algae, cloudy water. The composition contains a liquid algaecide.

Group name	pros	Minuses
Chloric	allow you to simultaneously disinfect water and the inner surface of the bowl; effect persists for a long time; availability and low price of drugs.	does not kill pathogenic spores; a constant increase in dosage is required, since pathogenic microorganisms “get used” to the previous one; Strong smell; it is necessary to deactivate the emitted by-product (chloramine).
With bromine	have a long-term effect; the effect does not depend on the hardness of the water; resistant to UV radiation.	not effective with a large volume of the pool; high price.
With active oxygen	effectively fight pathogenic microflora, eliminate slippery algal plaque; no specific odor; do not create dangerous compounds; do not harm human health.	quickly decompose, therefore, an increase in concentration is required; inactive, compared with chlorine agents.

All chemical water purifiers efficiently remove unwanted vegetation. Only for complete disinfection is it necessary to increase the dosage, and this is already dangerous for bathing people.

Therefore, an integrated approach is recommended - a combination with algaecides. For children's small baths, products based on active oxygen are better suited.

How to take care of your pool

In principle, there are no complicated cleaning measures. Here are some tips to help keep your pool in top condition. This applies not only to water, but also to the internal surfaces of an artificial reservoir.

Be sure to install a filter in the pool.
Every day, and preferably twice a day, collect garbage from the surface of the water surface. Especially harmful are the leaves, which, under the action of sunlight, begin to rot.

Pay attention to insects that have fallen into the water, especially wasps, bees, bumblebees, earwigs and other equally dangerous insects.
Twice a week it is necessary to carry out water treatment with chemicals. In this way, you can protect the reservoir from the blooming of water.
If your pool is inflatable, change the water at least once a week.
If children under the age of 3 years old swim in the pool, then the water in the pool should be changed more often.

Separately, I wanted to talk about rust. Or rather, about water, in which there is a high content of iron salts. It is these salts that color the water yellowish, and sometimes brown. Swimming in this pool is not worth it. Iron in this form will negatively affect the skin. Therefore, iron must be eliminated.

Rusty pool water

The easiest option is to let the water settle in some other tank, and then pump it into the pool. You can use a special coagulant, which is added to the filled thicket. The chemical binds iron salts, which precipitate as flakes. It remains only to remove the latter with a vacuum cleaner.

Acid-base balance of water

There is a generally accepted indicator of acid-base balance for water in the pool. It is equal to 7.2-7.4. That is, when installing a bathing bowl in your country house, it is necessary to maintain water filling in this mode. For analysis, you can use special reagents. They are freely available and come with instructions on how to use them. Therefore, problems with the analysis should not arise.

You can check the pH of the water yourself

Many may have doubts whether it is worth it. Let's just say that the pH of this value does not allow bacteria to develop, plus the chemical reactions associated with the corrosion of metals weaken. That is, the operational characteristics of the hydraulic structure are increased. Namely: the filtration system does not clog, the lighting and heating system works efficiently and for a long time.

At the same time, a normal acid-base balance enhances the effect of chemicals that are used to purify the water mass. Today, manufacturers offer filters, inside which they additionally install separate containers, where the required coagulant is poured, which is responsible for normalizing pH.

Therefore, when buying filters, pay attention to this. Give preference to just such, although they are slightly more expensive than usual

Video description

In the video, a specialist answers surveys regarding pool water treatment:

So, in the article we tried to answer the question - how to purify the water in the pool in the country. Several ways have been dismantled to make the water cleaner. Of course, there are many cleaning methods, for example, ozonation, treatment of the water mass with ultraviolet radiation, active oxygen, and the ionization process. All these technologies are effective and guarantee a 100% effect. But they are expensive and are used mainly for large volume pools. And for country models, those that were described above are also suitable.

What phenomena does chemistry deal with?

Variety of pool chemicals

Let's start with a list of "sores" that need to be treated.

• Leaves, sand, pollen, dust;
• Organic pollution like urine (sorry, it happens) and sweat;
• Pathogenic microorganisms. Their origin is anywhere;
• Algae that appear due to a beneficial environment.

Regarding point 1, the most effective option is mechanical cleaning, that is, installing a filtration system. During the day, the water will pass through the cleaning elements several times. Just change the cartridges in a timely manner. The regular net, which is included in the so-called pool cleaning kit, is also very effective.

“The logical rule: the filter is selected taking into account the chemical parameters of the water. If water for the pool is taken from a well or a well, find out its composition. Based on the data obtained, select the desired filter in a specialized store. It is also worth noting that many models of frame pools are already equipped with the necessary filter pumps.

Difference from coagulants

Coagulants, like flocculants, help purify water from fine debris, combining pollution with each other and precipitating them.

The purpose of the application is very similar, but the flow mechanism is slightly different.

1. The basis of the coagulation process is the destabilization of the charges of polluting particles. Colloidal dirt, which makes the water cloudy, consists of microscopic negatively charged particles.

   They are so small that they pass through a sand filter, and the electric charge of the same name keeps them constantly in motion.

   The same charge also prevents them from uniting in groups. The introduction of coagulants leads to the loss of charge and the elimination of electrostatic interaction.

2. Flocculation forms larger compounds due to the polymer bond. There is a strengthening and increase in the volume of filtered substances, which can then be easily removed from the bottom of the tank.

The difference lies not only in the flow mechanism

• Coagulation takes place within 1-3 minutes after thorough mixing and with strict observance of the temperature within 20-25 degrees.
• Flocculation can last 30-60 minutes, requiring some time to settle. This is due to the long stage of sediment formation.

The main types of coagulants

There are many types of coagulants. We will not list their formulas in detail in the article.Let us consider only two main groups, which, depending on the feedstock, are divided into organic and inorganic.

One category of coagulants is capable of deferrization of water and removing aluminum salts from it, the other is capable of raising or lowering the acidic pH, some reagents have a complex effect

Today, many domestic and foreign companies are engaged in the production of coagulants. The new generation reagents produced by them differ from the coagulants produced back in the Soviet Union by improved technical characteristics.

organic natural substances

They are specially designed reagents that, by accelerating the adhesion of aggressively unstable particles present in water, facilitate the processes associated with their separation and sedimentation. The organics help to encourage contaminants to combine into dense suspensions and emulsions, making it easier to remove them from the water.

High-molecular substances fight well with chlorine and effectively eliminate unpleasant "aromas" in the liquid, for example: the smell of hydrogen sulfide often present in a ferruginous liquid

When interacting with pollution molecules, organic coagulants significantly decrease in size. Upon completion of the reaction, they precipitate as a small amount of precipitate.

By minimizing the volume of sediment accumulated at the bottom of the tank, it is much easier and faster to filter. At the same time, the reduced amount of sediment in no way affects the quality of cleaning.

Due to the limited resource base, natural reagents have not found wide application in wastewater treatment on an industrial scale. But for domestic purposes they are often used.

Synthetic coagulating compounds

These types of reagents are based on mineral and synthetic elements. The polymers contribute to the formation of a high cationic charge, thereby stimulating the rapid appearance of flakes. They perfectly interact with water, having a complex effect on it: softening its structure, as well as getting rid of coarse impurities and salts.

The most widespread salts of polyvalent metals, created on the basis of iron or aluminum. Iron is used for rough cleaning.

Flocculants - secondary coagulants that turn suspensions and emulsions into flakes, are used in conjunction with primary coagulants. The tandem is able to clean both small portions of household waste and large volumes created by industrial enterprises

Among the iron compositions, the most popular are:

• ferric chloride - hygroscopic crystals with a dark metallic luster, perfectly eliminate large particles of pollution and easily remove the smell of hydrogen sulfide;
• ferrous sulfate - a crystalline hygroscopic product is highly soluble in water and is effective in sewage treatment.

Due to the low level of viscosity at a low molecular weight, such reagents are highly soluble in any type of liquid being treated.

Of the coagulants created on the basis of aluminum, the most widely used are:

• aluminum oxychloride (OXA) - used to treat water with a high content of organic natural substances;
• aluminum hydroxochlorosulfate (GSHA) - perfectly copes with natural sewage deposits;
• aluminum sulfate - a crude technical product in the form of gray-green pieces is used to purify drinking water.

In previous years, polymers were used only as an additive to inorganic coagulants, using them as stimulants that accelerate the formation of flocculation. Today, these reagents are increasingly used as the main ones, replacing inorganic ones with them.

If we compare organic and synthetic substances, then the former win in that they act much faster. In addition, they are able to function in almost any alkaline environment and do not interact with chlorine.

For the adsorption of salts, heavy metal ions and other suspensions dissolved in water, a portion of an organic reagent will be required several times less than a synthetic analogue (+)

Organic active compounds also benefit in that they do not change the pH in the water. This allows them to be used for water purification, where there are plankton colonies, algae and large microorganisms grow.