Do-it-yourself sewerage in the country: how to competently make a local sewer

Autonomous local treatment facilities: scope and features of choice

VOCs are intended for use within personal plots and adjacent territories. Local sewage treatment facilities (septic tanks) help to increase the comfort of a suburban area and preserve the environment.The functionality of such a system is to clean domestic wastewater from residues of detergents, heavy compounds and waste products. In order for the suburban sewage system to function without problems, and for the sewage treatment of a private house to be as efficient as possible, when choosing autonomous treatment facilities, one should take into account:

• the number of people living;
• soil type;
• drainage method: gravity or forced.

For the convenience of choosing in the catalog of treatment facilities on our website, appropriate filters are provided. In addition, you can always count on free advisory support from the company's managers. When choosing an autonomous septic tank, it is necessary to determine the number of permanent residents. If you plan to receive guests, this should also not be forgotten when designing a sewer system. Our experts recommend the installation of LOS with some "margin": for 3-4 permanent residents, the best option would be LokOS-5 (up to 5 people) or LokOS-8 (up to 8 people).

How to choose the right type of sewer

To judge about what sewer is better for a country house, it is possible only having specific data on all aspects of the functioning of the system.

Choosing a design based on your own ideas or preferences is the wrong approach. You can get a non-working complex that is not able to cope with the volume of effluents or does not function due to a mismatch in external conditions.

The other extreme is the excessive cost of acquiring and installing an expensive and powerful system, which is too large for the given conditions.

How to choose a septic tank for a private house, what size or design? Or should we pay attention to more complex and productive complexes? Consider the parameters that must be taken into account when choosing a local sewer for a country house

Purpose of housing

The purpose of housing affects the choice of sewerage system in the most direct way.

If there is a country house in which people appear only periodically during the warm season and there is no permanent residence, then the installation of a productive complex complex is not advisable. Such houses require the most simple and inexpensive system that requires minimal human intervention and does not require maintenance.

A country house in which a family of several people permanently lives requires a system of a certain capacity that can provide for the needs of several people, taking into account hygiene procedures, laundry, cooking, washing dishes, etc. In this case, you will need a complex with large volumes and, possibly, a more complex design.

The purpose of housing is the very first factor that determines the parameters of the sewer system.

Plot size and number of people living

The size of the land plot determines the possibility of equipping the filtration field. Its area is relatively large, which may not be possible for a small piece of land.

With a lack of space, it will be necessary to change the design of the system, refusing to use elements that require large areas for placement.

In addition, the composition of the soil is an important factor.If the site is located on sandy or sandy loamy soils, then the absorbency of the soil allows the use of soil post-treatment of wastewater quite effectively. But such a process is impossible on clays and the installation of systems designed for this method of waste disposal will not give a positive result.

The number of people living in the house also directly affects the amount of drains.

Daily discharge volume

The capacity of the sewerage system depends on the volume of discharges. According to SNiP, the daily volume of wastewater per person is assumed to be 200 liters. Thus, the calculation of the daily volume of discharges into the system should be based on the number of people living in the house. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account peak loads - receiving guests, festive and other events, etc.

In addition, as the amount of silt deposits increases, the performance of the complex decreases, so it is necessary to have some power reserve.

The calculation of the discharge volume is affected by the number of plumbing fixtures in the house (toilets, bidets, showers, bathtubs, sinks, etc.), the volume of individual consumption (one toilet flush has a certain value). These data add up to the actual daily volume, which may not coincide with the calculated one. The higher value is always assumed and should be increased by 20-25% to provide headroom for peak system loads.

Financial opportunities

The final criterion for choosing a system is the financial capabilities of the homeowner.

Treatment facilities for a private house are far from a cheap pleasure, the purchase and installation of the complex will cost a tidy sum.

The more productive and powerful the system, the greater the cost of its purchase and installation, and the maintenance that any system periodically requires is far from a free event.

That's why wondering what kind local sewerage for a country house would be the most successful, it is necessary first of all to clarify its price, so that desires are fully linked to possibilities.

Rules for calculating sewer networks

In order for the sewerage system in a private house to work for a long time and trouble-free, it is important to correctly calculate all the necessary parameters, namely:

Study the load on internal networks: The average is about 200 liters per person. So for a septic tank, these data are multiplied by three. Such a volume of a septic tank, at the rate of 600 liters for each family member, should be taken into account when choosing equipment.

• storage tank - the required volume is determined, as in the calculation of internal networks, i.e. average daily values;
• septic tank - the average daily value must be multiplied by three, which is due to the three-day settling of wastewater in a similar design;
• biological treatment plants - the performance of a particular model is reflected in its technical characteristics.

And the last point. Calculation of external networks. The diameter of the external sewage pipes must have a capacity that can ensure the passage of wastewater. As a rule, pipes with a diameter of 110–200 mm are used for external networks. It is necessary to take into account the depth of soil freezing at the installation site, and if it is impossible to lay pipes below this mark, then measures should be taken to heat such areas (heating electric cable, heaters and other measures).

The right choice of pipes for sewerage is the key to successful operation for many years.

When choosing materials used for installing sewers in a private house, you need to pay attention to the following requirements regarding pipes used for these purposes:

• the strength of the products should ensure long-term operation without carrying out preventive maintenance;
• resistance to various types of external influences (mechanical, chemical, etc.) must be high in order to ensure safe use for the entire period of operation;
• simplicity and ease of installation work;
• smooth inner surface.

These requirements are met by pipes made of cast iron and various types of durable plastic.

Materials from which sewer pipes are made

Cast iron is the material that until recently was indispensable in the manufacture of sewer pipes. Its main advantages are strength and long service life, and among the disadvantages can be noted significant weight, uneven inner surface and the difficulty of performing installation work, especially on your own. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a modern durable plastic that can withstand heavy loads, in addition, this material does not allow sewage to seep into the ground.

Other benefits include:

• strength and durability;
• resistance to chemically active substances (reagents) and ultraviolet rays;
• ease of installation;
• affordable cost.

Of the shortcomings, it should be noted:

• when the temperature rises above 70˚С, it melts;
• when the temperature drops below 0˚С, it becomes brittle;
• when burned, it releases gas harmful to human health.

Polypropylene (PP) is the best material used for the manufacture of pipes for various purposes. It has all the advantages inherent in PVC analogues, and it does not have the disadvantages inherent in them. In addition, when installing sewers, pipes made of steel and ceramics, as well as asbestos cement, can be used. The main range of pipes required for the installation of an autonomous sewage system for a country house, made of different materials, is shown in the following table.

Material	Dimensions, mm (diameter×wall thickness×length)	Sewer type	Cost, rubles
PVC	160×3,6×500	outdoor	359
160×4,0×3000	1 000
110×3,2×3000	550
PP	160×3,6×500	290
160/139×6000	2 300
PVC	32×1,8×3000	Internal	77
50×1,8×3000	125
110×2,2×3000	385

The table does not show the entire range of pipes manufactured by the industry, but the order of prices for these products is clear. For complete information, please contact the trading organizations specializing in the sale of sanitary equipment.

How to bring the sewer to the septic tank

Before you make a country sewer, you must take into account all the above requirements and calculate the volume of sewage. The calculation of the latter is quite simple, the main thing is the number of permanent residents in the country house.

For example, from 4 people. Two more indicators are used in the calculation formula:

• the amount of water consumed per day by one person is a constant value - 200 l or 0.2 m3;
• the time during which bacteria process organic matter, this value is also constant, equal to 3 days.

We substitute all the values ​​​​in the formula: 4x0.2x3 \u003d 2.4 m2. That is, the septic tank should not be smaller, better than a larger one. Now the installation site of the septic tank is selected, taking into account all that was indicated above. This is where it is being built.If ready-made containers are installed, then a pit is dug under them, where the equipment is installed strictly vertically and horizontally. This is a strict installation requirement.

Before lowering the septic tank into the pit, it is necessary to dig a trench from the house to the dug hole. Previously, they tried to strictly adhere to the depth of laying the pipe, taking into account the level of soil freezing. That is below this level. The reason is so that the drains do not freeze in the cold season. In some regions, this level was below 2-2.5 m, which required a large amount of excavation. Today, everything has changed for the better due to the possibility of insulating pipes. So, you can lay the track shallow.

How to insulate a sewer line

Today the market offers a huge variety of thermal insulation materials. But recently, special pipe products made of expanded polystyrene, polyurethane foam and mineral wool have been used to insulate pipes. They actually represent a pipe, cut lengthwise on one side. An incision was made specifically to put this product on plastic or metal pipes. By the way, this insulation is called a shell. It has a standard length of 1 m. The shells are put on the pipe, they are joined together tightly, and the junction is additionally covered with self-adhesive tape. To attach the shell to the pipe, knitting wire or plastic clamps are used.

Today, manufacturers offer heaters of this type, covered with foil material.

This improves the thermal properties of the insulation several times, plus the foil is a waterproofing coating, which is important for the material laid in the ground.

Sewer pipe installation rules

The main requirement for laying sewer pipes is to adhere to the angle of inclination from the house to the septic tank. Its value is 2-3. No more and no less. If there is less, then solid sewage simply will not be able to move under its own weight. If more, then the water will fly by at high speed, and all the same sewage will linger in the pipe, which will lead to clogging of the sewer.

The angle of inclination of sewer pipes

Here is the sewer pipe installation algorithm:

1. The bottom of the excavated trench is leveled at an approximate angle of inclination towards the septic tank.
2. It is covered with a layer of sand, the surface of which is already leveled to the maximum. To do this, use one pipe, which is laid and checked with a goniometer at what angle it is. If necessary, part of the site is sprinkled with sand to raise it.
3. They install pipes, connecting them immediately on one side to the pipe leaving the house, on the other to the septic tank.
4. Backfill the laid route with sand, then with soil.

If the length of the sewer system exceeds 50 m, then a manhole will have to be installed. Today, manufacturers offer finished plastic products. In fact, this is a large-diameter pipe, hermetically sealed from the bottom side, on opposite sides of which there are two branch pipes. These are the junctions with the sewer route. From above the well is supplied with the tight opening cover.

A convenient design through which you can not only monitor how the sewer works, but also, if necessary, clean it.

Arrangement of the simplest cesspool in the country

A cesspool is the most affordable option. The bottom is covered with rubble or sand-gravel mixture and concreted.The walls are laid out with bricks without gaps for drainage. It will not be possible to achieve complete tightness, but soil pollution nearby will be minimal. Such a pit will quickly fill up and will require frequent pumping. The most optimal dimensions of the pit are 2.0x1.7x1.7 meters. The volume will be a little more than 5 m3, which corresponds to the capacity of the barrel of a sewage truck and you won’t have to overpay for removal.

The ceiling can be made of wood, concrete with reinforcement, rolled metal. It should be slightly above ground level to avoid stormwater runoff. Definitely need a sewer hatch. At the end of the installation of the pit, you will need to go down into it and cover the ceiling with bituminous mastic 2 times. And the places inaccessible to the brush, treat with mastic from aerosol cans. In this form, any overlap will last twice as long. Also, decomposing reagents will need to be poured through the hatch, and before and during pumping, mix the deposits at the bottom of the pit with a good pressure of a jet of water.

Septic without pumping

This is a simple version of the sewer system, it consists of several sumps. The first tank is made the largest, the next ones are smaller.

If the septic tank is three-chamber, then the first 2 compartments must be airtight. In the last chamber, holes are made in the walls or filter materials are poured onto the bottom. Through them, purified water goes into the ground.

A septic tank without pumping out in the country consists of 2 or 3 tanks connected to each other.

Sizing

The size of a septic tank can be determined by the formula: V = n * Q * 3/1000, where the number of residents is determined by the letter n, V is the total volume of the tank, Q is how much water 1 person spends per day. The number 3 is taken from SNiP. It shows how many days it takes to treat wastewater.

Most often, a collector is made 3 m deep and 2 m wide. From the bottom to the pipe through which the drain is carried out, there must be at least 0.8 m.

Treatment systems

The advantages of such sewage include the fact that anaerobic bacteria are involved in the processing of waste. To speed up the process, they can be fed with oxygen.

Silt accumulates at the bottom of the tank. Over time, its compaction occurs, as a result, it rises up to the overflow point. In this case, the septic tank must be cleaned. If the sewer is equipped with a waste pump that is powered by electricity, the process is carried out automatically.

Scheme of a septic tank with a drainage well for a summer residence and a house.

Installing a septic tank

There are ready-made septic tanks for sale. Their installation begins with the fact that they dig a pit. It should be 20-30 cm wider than the container purchased in the store. If the soil is not heaving, the bottom of the pit can not be reinforced, but you still need to fill in a pillow of sand.

The electric cable from the cleaning system powered by electricity is forwarded to a separate machine from the shield. A corrugation is put on the wire, and then placed in a trench next to the sewer pipe. The cable is connected to the septic tank through the terminals.

The device of the internal sewer system

You can start installing the internal sewer system immediately after drawing up a plan and purchasing all the necessary materials and components. First you need to install a central riser.The optimal diameter for it is 110 mm, while it is necessary to provide for the removal of gases. Usually, for this purpose, the upper part of the riser rises up - either to the attic, or is displayed on the roof. Conclusion to the roof is more preferable: it is still better for the gases to immediately leave the house than to accumulate in the attic.

It must be borne in mind that, in accordance with the regulations, the main riser must be located at least 4 m from the nearest window. Such a requirement limits the number of rooms in the country where the riser can be located, and you need to know this before starting the installation of the system.

Pipes for the internal sewer system are selected not only by diameter, but also by the material of manufacture. Three options are currently offered:

• PVC pipes are very affordable prices, which attracts consumers, they are quite durable, lightweight, the inner surface is smooth and water passes easily, they are corrosion resistant, they do not grow inside, they are very easy to install. Do-it-yourself sewerage in the country is usually performed using PVC pipes;
• cast iron pipes - a time-tested classic option, the material is reliable, durable, however, not too corrosion resistant, the inner surface loses smoothness over time, which prevents the passage of sewage, special welding equipment is required for installation, and the price is far from democratic;
• ceramic pipes - combine all the advantages of PVC and cast iron pipes, have excellent characteristics ranging from smoothness to resistance to chemically aggressive environments, however, they have a very high cost, which is not very good for a small cottage.

Based on the price / quality ratio, as well as taking into account the requirements for ease of installation when installing a sewerage system in a country house with your own hands, PVC pipes are most often chosen - lightweight, fairly durable, chemically resistant and inexpensive.

After the installation of the main riser, you can start laying horizontal pipelines. At the same time, it is necessary to provide for the presence of inspection hatches - so that, if necessary, it is possible to control the sewer system, and most importantly, to clean it. Inspection hatches are usually arranged above the toilet, as well as at the lowest point of the entire sewer system (this is where traffic jams most often occur).

When mounting pipes, you should pay special attention to the corners of the joints: right angle turns make it difficult for wastewater to move, and in this case, plugs begin to accumulate at the joints, even the famous smoothness of PVC pipes does not save. It can get to the point that it will not be possible to throw toilet paper into the toilet - so that it does not serve as the germ of a cork before it dissolves

A prerequisite: each plumbing fixture, whether it be a toilet bowl or a sink, must have a siphon with a water lock, otherwise unpleasant odors from the sewer network will constantly penetrate into the room.

The pipe for connecting the toilet pipe must be at least 10 cm in diameter, and the connection is made directly. At the same time, a diameter of 5 cm is enough to connect the sink and / or bath. The angle at which the pipes are laid must ensure gravity flow.

Note that usually the sewerage system is planned in advance, even at the stage of building a house, and in this case, the architectural plan immediately provides a place for the sewer pipe to go outside, through which wastewater leaves the house into a well or septic tank. This is a hole located in the foundation.

However, it happens that it is necessary to arrange sewage in an already built house, where there is no hole in the foundation for laying a drain pipeline. Usually in such cases it is necessary to make an extension to the house in order to place a bathroom there, and a place for a drain pipeline is laid in the foundation of this extension.

At the point where the sewer system leaves the house, a check valve must be installed, otherwise, under certain conditions, wastewater can enter the house (slight slope, well overflow, groundwater penetration into the well, and so on).

How to make a septic tank without pumping with your own hands

The septic tank in the country is not subjected to the loads usual for a residential building, so you can build it yourself. We will consider a sewer for a summer residence that does not require sewage, that is, a septic tank without pumping and smell, where in the filtration field the wastewater will be cleaned and absorbed by the soil.

The simplest model of a septic tank that you can make yourself consists of an airtight container into which drains from the house fall. The solids fall to the bottom and are gradually digested by the bacteria. The clarified water passes to the aeration field, passes through the soil and is filtered in a natural way.

How to calculate the volume of a septic tank

The size of the septic tank is determined based on the number of people living at the same time or periodically visiting the country. The tank should hold an average three-day volume of wastewater.

It is generally accepted that in the process of human life, 200 liters of wastewater is formed per day, that is, for one inhabitant of the dacha, it is necessary to provide a septic tank with a volume of 600 liters. If your family consists of three people, you need a tank of 1800 liters. Having determined the parameters of the tank, you can calculate the dimensions of the pit.

The scheme of such a septic tank is simple

• Septic chamber. The tank can be made of eurocubes, concrete rings, monolithic concrete.
• Aeration field or filtration field for post-treatment of wastewater.

Do-it-yourself work

To organize a sewerage device in a house with your own hands, you need a scheme with which you can calculate what types of materials and plumbing will be needed and in what quantity. The drawing must be drawn to scale.

You also need to take into account factors such as:

• Soil type;
• Groundwater level;
• Volume of water use;
• Climatic features of the area.

Several types of laying sewer pipes are possible: under the floor, inside the walls, outside, but this is less aesthetically pleasing. Pipes laid in walls or under the floor are plastered 2 cm or filled with cement. To reduce the noise of the system, the pipes are wound without air gaps.

Scheme of the sewer system

The sewer system in a private house has a complicated scheme; it must take into account, in addition to depth and materials, the location, taking into account the requirements.

Namely:

1. To install a septic tank or other type of wastewater treatment, the lowest place on the site is selected.
2. The distance to the source of drinking water is at least 20 m.
3. To the roadway - at least 5 m.
4. To an open reservoir - at least 30 m.
5. To a residential building - at least 5 m.

Plastic pipes are well suited for arranging sewage

When drawing up a diagram, it is necessary to mark all the water drain points and the riser. The stand must be within easy reach. Usually it is installed in the toilet, because the toilet drain pipe has a diameter of 110 mm, like that of the riser.

Outflow pipes from the bathtub and sink are usually combined into one line.

It is important to remember that the toilet pipe should not have any inlets from other pipes. In addition, the diagram should include the location of the vent pipe.

Self-assembly

It is recommended to start installation in the house on your own from the inside of the sewer, as well as ventilation for it. The sewer system must contain hatches in the pipeline for inspection and repair. Pipes are fastened to the walls with clamps, hangers, etc. Crosses, tees and manifolds of large diameter (about 100 mm) must be used at the joints. Adapters will help to connect pipes of different diameters.

Ventilation is also important, which performs 2 functions at once - air inflow in rarefied areas, exhaust gases. Vacuum is more often formed when water is drained in the toilet bowl and when the pump for draining the washing machine is running. The influx of air prevents the capture of water in the siphon and the formation of a water seal, which has a loud unpleasant sound. A continuation of the riser on the roof is a fan pipe.

To install it correctly, you need to follow the rules:

1. The diameter of the fan pipe is 110 mm to prevent ice blocking the passage.
2. The height of the pipe on the roof is higher than the rest, including stoves, fireplaces, etc.
3. Location at a distance of 4 m from windows and balconies.
4. The fan pipe must be separate from the general ventilation and with a subsequent exit to the attic.

When arranging sewerage, safety regulations must be observed

Through a sleeve with a non-return valve, the collector in the foundation exits to the external sewer. The sleeve diameter is 150-160 mm. The reverse flow of wastewater in the presence of a check valve is not possible in the event of contamination of the pipeline or overflow of the wastewater receiver.

Paving depth

At what depth to lay the pipes depends on the deepening of the septic tank and the depth of soil freezing in the region. Moreover, pipes must be laid below this level.

They are laid according to the following scheme and rules:

1. Lack of turns from the house to the septic tank to prevent blockages.
2. Pipes of the correct diameter.
3. The same pipe material in the same pipeline.
4. Compliance with the slope (approximately 0.03 m per 1 linear).

If there is no slope or it has an insufficient degree, then you will need to install a sewer pump. Also, additional wells should be included in the external sewerage scheme, especially if there are pipeline turns from the house to the septic tank. They will help in the maintenance of sewers and the elimination of blockages or freezing.

Sewerage, like plumbing, is recommended to be supplemented with thermal insulation made of polyurethane foam and polyethylene or to lay an electric cable.

Stage 5. Internal sewerage

Sewerage wiringScheme of internal laying of sewer pipes

When arranging the internal sewage system, a non-pressure principle must be used.Each plumbing fixture is connected to a pipe of a specific diameter - a section of 50 mm is required for a sink, and 100 mm for a toilet bowl and an outlet pipe. A siphon is connected to the bathtub and washbasin, which will prevent the sewer odor from entering the room.

device	bias	Distance between central drain and siphon without ventilation, mm	Pipe diameter for drain system, mm
Bath	1:30	100-130	40
Shower	1:48	150-170	40
Toilet	1:20	up to 600	100
Sink	1:12	0-80	40
Washing	1:36	130-150	30-40
Combined drain (bath + sink + shower)	1:48	170-230	50
central riser			100