How a Russian stove works: design features and an overview of popular types of Russian stoves

Combined design device

Despite the fact that stoves and fireplaces have a different design, we still managed to find common nodes to combine them together. The fireplace in its structure has a firebox and a direct chimney, hence the rather low efficiency, since a huge proportion of the heat goes out along with the combustion products. The stove, on the other hand, effectively uses the internal energy of hot air and removes heat while the smoke goes through the labyrinths of the channel.

Fireplace inserts and stoves also have distinctive features. The combustion chamber of the furnace should only accommodate logs of firewood.The fireplace, on the other hand, has a more voluminous firebox, since contemplating the flame in a limited space is not entirely pleasant. Combine the stove and fireplace with a common chimney or a common firebox.

• When combined with a common chimney, the fireplace can work autonomously. In order to kindle it, you do not need to kindle the whole stove, which is very convenient in summer. You can admire the live flame and not get too much heat from the stove. Smoke from the chimney enters that part of the chimney that has a vertical straight channel.
• With the second method of combining, the furnace firebox expands and a glass door is installed instead of the usual door. It turns out an ordinary stove in which you can observe the process of burning firewood. Naturally, a fireplace, as a separate device, is unrealistic to use.

Compact version of the integrated system

The use of the Russian stove as a special element of decor

Old Russian stove.

Our ancestors for finishing Russian stoves used special clay plaster, which was necessarily whitewashed. At this stage, using a variety of building materials and personal creativity, you can create a truly unique design for your home.

The main thing is to adhere to some mandatory rules for creating the interior of a home, so as not to disturb the harmony.

Decoration of the Russian stove in the style of "a la russe". Enough white color and a small bright decor.

The design of the Russian stove in the style of "a la russe". Decorated with folk ornaments and elements of old household utensils.

The Russian stove is designed in the style of a “Russian hut” and decorated with blue tiles. It is the main bright point of decoration.

Russian stove-fireplace, decorated in the style of "Russian hut" using modern materials.

Stove in the style of "Russian tower", decorated with colorful tiles.

A stove in the "Russian tower" style, decorated with modern ceramic tiles.

The stove in the style of "Russian tower" harmoniously fit into the interior of a modern kitchen.

The original design idea of ​​creating a Russian stove in a modern house.

A few ideas for creating a Russian stove.

Such design ideas for a Russian stove will appeal to the whole family.

These few ideas and design styles of the Russian stove can really surprise you, and maybe even inspire you to create a special interior that will warm not only the body, but also the soul.

Using a classic Russian stove along with a fireplace

A Russian stove, together with a fireplace, will fill your home not only with warmth, but also create an original charm for the interior.

Stylish Russian stove with a fireplace in a country house.

The Russian stove together with the fireplace is the main design detail.

Today, this design is extremely popular and is a real trend in interior design. The stove is designed together with a fireplace, they make a common chimney. In this case, the fireplace performs a purely aesthetic function, creating a special atmosphere of home comfort and peace of mind, and the stove will provide the whole room with warmth. There are a huge number of variations in the design of this kind of design, and if you wish, you can choose the most optimal one both in terms of design and financial capabilities.

How the Russian stove works

Traditionally, a Russian stove with a stove bench was used to heat the house. Structurally, it consisted of the following elements:

• the basis (custody);
• body (array) of the furnace;
• crucible;
• mouth;
• six;
• undercoat;
• undercooking;
• stoves;
• overlap;

• hilo.

  Structure

The crucible is a fuel combustion chamber (firebox), which can be figuratively called the "heart" of the furnace. Also used for cooking. The upper part of it is called the vault, the lower part is called the under or bream, and the front wall is the cheek.

Fuel is placed through the mouth, which is a hole in the Russian stove in front of the crucible, having a height slightly less than the top of the firebox. In front of the mouth there is a pole - an auxiliary platform on which dishes or other objects are placed during or after operation. It is separated from the mouth with a flap. The unheated part under the hearth (underhearth) is used to store dishes and kitchen items. Firewood was stored in the under-furnace - the inner niche under the bream.

The Russian stove was equipped with a hail - a special device with which smoke was forcibly released into the chimney. Small niches (stoves) were made inside the furnace body, with the help of which the heating surface was increased, herbs, berries and mushrooms were dried in them, and dishes were stored.

Russian stove with fireplace and stove bench

The stove bench was built on the top of the furnace, the so-called ceiling. It was continued by the bed - a flooring made of boards between the wall of the house and the stove, where you could comfortably sit, sleep and enjoy the warmth of the bricks, and dry vegetables, fruits and mushrooms in the summer.

What does a traditional Russian stove with a lounger consist of?

Traditionally, a Russian stove with a lounger is large, but a modern interpretation allows you to make a design of any size. Dimensions of the classic version:

• width - 1.5 meters;
• length - more than 2.5 meters;
• height - to the ceiling.

Looks good with a Russian stove, next to it is a painted chest

The oven requires proper maintenance.An inspection by a professional craftsman is needed every 1-2 years to prevent smoke leakage. After the furnace is fired, cleaning should be carried out, the ashes should be removed. Currently, the design is supplied with cast-iron plates (frying surfaces), for more convenient operation.

Cast iron hob makes life easier for the hostess of the house

The main components of the furnace:

• A crucible or firebox is a cooking chamber with a semi-circular arch. It is divided into a cooking chamber and a firebox. The cooking chamber is designed for cooking, the firebox for laying firewood.
• Under - the bottom of the crucible, with a slight slope. Serves as a reinforcing element of the cooking chamber.
• Underfurnace - located under the hearth, in this place you can store firewood. Logs must be dry. Suitable for firebox: pine, alder, birch, maple.
• Cheek - this is the name of the front part of the facade of the device, the wall on which the firebox is located.
• Mouth - connects the crucible with a chimney and a room, an opening in front of the firebox. Firewood is put into the oven through the mouth.
• A threshold is an element of the mouth with a length up to the arch. Retains flue gases, serves to increase efficiency.
• The hearth is a working surface for placing the removed hot dishes. Located in front of the mouth. Also, dishes are placed on the platform before being placed in the cooking chamber.
• Podpole - located at the bottom of the device, under the pole. Used to store kitchen utensils. Unheated compartment.
• Pechurki are small niches used for drying fruits. Holes improve heat transfer.
• Overlap - the place where the bed is located. Brick surface on top of the structure. The bed can be longitudinal or transverse.
• Chimney (hailo) - collects smoke, improves draft, removes smoke into the chimney.
• The chimney is a brick chimney in the attic, located above the cooking chamber.
• Views, valves - installed along the chimney, block the air flow after flooding. The damper performs an important function, it does not allow heat to escape into the pipe. Before you heat the stove, you need to open it. After the firewood burns out, close it.

Steps endow the Russian stove with originality

The dimensions of the oven depend on the dimensions of the kitchen. The room must be spacious. You can equip the oven with additional shelves for storing necessary things, steps, a viewing window. Last thing made of cast iron and glass, with its help you can admire the fire and regulate the air supply. Some modern ovens are equipped with a temperature sensor. The sensor facilitates the use of the device.

Do-it-yourself mini-Russian stove: photo

Today, the dimensions of private houses, dachas and cottages do not always make it possible to practically accommodate a standard Russian stove in the kitchen. If there is no room for a sufficiently large structure, then instead of a traditional oven, you can put a “Swede”. Such a stove will take no more than one square meter, and at the same time it will perfectly cope with heating a room measuring 30 square meters. There are several modifications of the "Swede".

The most common options are a mini-oven with a cast-iron hob built into the oven and a full-fledged three-turn oven with a fireplace, hob, oven and a drying niche.

It is quite difficult to build a “Swede” yourself. In order for the building to effectively cope with its cooking and heating functions, only high-quality materials should be chosen for work.Step-by-step instructions and recommendations from experienced stove-makers will help you complete the masonry.

We make the first two rows of masonry solid. At the same time, in the 2nd row we install a grate under the fireplace. In the 3rd row of the furnace we build an ash chamber, a vertical channel and a place for the oven, lay out a fireplace firebox. We put the next row as the 3rd, and in the 5th we equip a place for mounting the grate. We block the passage between the oven and the vertical channel in the 6th row.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that we always put bricks on edge between the oven and the firebox.

In the 7th row above the firebox we put metal strips (2 pcs.), And we do the 8th and 9th rows in the same way as the previous one. We equip the chimney for cleaning the fireplace together with a place for installing a hob in the 10th row. We form the crucible in the 11th row. The front wall of the fireplace in the 12th and 13th rows is laid out with obliquely cut bricks. In order to make a shelf in the 14th row, we extend the bricks by 2.5 cm. We finish laying the cooking niche in the 16th row, and make the next two rows the same.

We lay out the subsequent rows in the same way, and in the 26th row we connect the vertical channel with the chimney. In the 30th row, we push the bricks from all sides 30 mm outward, and we start laying the pipe from the 32nd row.

Furnace Division

By functionality

• Heating stoves are built only to heat the house, it does not fulfill any other household needs, a hob is not provided. It is impossible to cook food or heat water on such a stove. Such types were rarely used before, and recently, after the start of using water circuits, they have practically gone out of use.
• Plates for cooking - cooking.Such models are installed as a summer option, sometimes outdoors, in summer cottages, in summer kitchens. Hobs use heat generation only in the working area for cooking food, and their environmental heating coefficient is very low, such stoves are installed in those rooms that do not require strong heating.
• The brick heating and cooking stove is the most beloved and popular model among homeowners. It is designed so that the passages in the chimney allow you to maximize the use of heat for heating, there is also a hob for household needs. The valve system allows you to increase the heating of the house in the winter and cook food in the summer without heating the rooms. The same valves regulate combustion and smoke output at various atmospheric pressure drops.
• A barbecue oven is a stove with open combustion, which is built in an open space or under a canopy. The chimney is made in the form of a cap, the brickwork is simple and is made for the device of the combustion vent and the support of the grates. The base is also the simplest. Some owners arrange a real kitchen unit at the location of the brick barbecue, supply water there and make a sewer drain.
• The heating sauna stove is built as a rapidly warming array, giving dry steam. The moves are designed so that the smoke has nowhere to go, except to heat the surface of the furnace. Such ovens must be carried out as much as possible according to the instructions. Any flaws, the wrong fuel (not firewood, but garbage) or ill-fitting stones lead to the fact that not completely burned organic matter remains on the bottom of the furnace as sediment. Dry steam can be carbon monoxide, toxic and carcinogenic.

Depending on the building

• The standard Russian stove is the real "soul" of the house. And it's hard to argue with that. Its design provides for space heating, a hob. The presence of the oven department allows you to cook according to recipes that simply cannot be prepared in another way. The design of the Russian stove has another important characteristic feature - a lounger for sleeping or heat treatment, which was actively used in ancient times.
• A more compact Swedish model, the efficiency is at the level of 60%. In fact, this is a furnace with a chamber and a hood-type smoke exhaust system. It also has an oven. Very often used in small houses.
• The brick Dutch woman is used in houses only for heating purposes, and it is impossible to cook food on it. The chimney is arranged channel or combined type. The absence of a cooking surface makes the hot air effectively give off heat for heating.

Furnaces: types of furnaces by purpose

The heat generated by these units is used either for cooking or for space heating. According to this principle, regardless of the chimney and body, there are various stoves. Types of ovens are as follows:

• Heating.
• Cooking.
• Heating and cooking.

The heating and cooking unit is a kind of universal economy stove that combines two functions. A similar design is most often found in traditional Russian variants. In addition to the hob, it has a dryer, oven and hot water box. Previously, it was equipped with a bench, located on the side of the adjacent room.

A metal stove for a summer residence can also be of a heating and cooking type. Made of modern materials, the potbelly stove with an improved design has a flat cast iron surface on its body, on which you can cook and heat food. The brewing unit, on the contrary, is a metal or brick stove with a firebox. In order to more efficiently distribute and use heat, a shield is attached to it in the form of a small wall, with which you can heat the room.

What does a traditional Russian stove with a lounger consist of?

The Russian stove is quite massive, its weight reaches several hundred kilograms, so it needs a foundation. In the old days, its role was played by old stones and logs, which were laid out in the base. Today it is reinforced concrete or brick masonry.

It is better to plan construction at the stage of creating a house project. If the building already exists, the foundation still needs to be made strong!

Main elements:

• The lower part is the base (sub-heaters). It has a niche for storing fuel or kitchen utensils. With the help of this base, the combustion chamber rises to the desired height.
• A vault-trough covers the top of the ovens. A layer of sand or clay is poured on it. This technology is used to retain heat.
• The bottom of the firebox (under) is made with a slight slope towards the back wall. This is done so that the fuel burns evenly in the chamber.
• The furnace fire chamber consists of two parts: a cooking chamber and a firebox. The cooking chamber is clean without logs and ash, since the fuel is placed in the far chamber - the firebox.
• Above the firebox there is a vault - this is the ceiling that separates the firebox and the lower part of the lounger.
• The lounger can be built along the entire length of the firebox. When a fire burns there, heat spreads to the sunbed.
• The chimney is installed above the first chamber, where food is prepared. Along its course, a valve and a viewing window are installed. With the help of a damper, the intensity of combustion of fuel in the furnace is regulated.

Russian stove is quite massive

Depending on the design features, they may have steps leading to the sunbed. Also, small shelves are often made along the chimney in order to install decor there.

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Repair

During operation, the following troubles may occur:

• small cracks;
• deep through cracks;
• there is no traction.

In the first case, the reason lies in the wear of the furnace solution or its poor-quality composition. During the repair process, the old putty is cleaned off, the place is moistened and sealed with a new solution. Significantly reduce the likelihood of trouble in the form of cracks by using heat-resistant tiles or plastering.

Deep gaps can be caused by various reasons: errors in the technology of laying the furnace, thermal shock, improper operation, pressure from ceilings and others. Such problems are eliminated by partial analysis of the masonry and replacement of the damaged area, elimination of the influence of other parts of the structure.

Russian stove with a corner fireplace

The reason for the lack of draft may be a blockage of the chimney channel by combustion products or brick fragments. Repair in this case consists in cleaning the inside of the chimney using special cleaning holes.If the draft has disappeared due to a long idle time of the furnace without operation, then you should first burn the paper in the furnace until you hear a buzz in the pipe, which is characteristic of the elimination of the air lock and the appearance of thrust.

Using the Russian stove for its intended purpose

You can cook food on such a Russian stove.

Excellent pies are made in this Russian oven.

An example of the interior of the sharing of the Russian stove and the working area of ​​the kitchen.

If it is not possible to install a Russian stove in the house, organize a barbecue area.

The Russian stove is the main attribute of the barbecue area in the country or country house.

Recently, more and more often use the stove for its intended purpose - heating and cooking.

As it turned out, it is a great pleasure for the current housewives to cook in a real Russian stove. After all, the result is not only incredibly tasty food, but also very healthy. There have been legends about food cooked in a Russian oven for many centuries, and the developers of household appliances, no matter how they try to create equivalent equipment, still fail to achieve a special level of cooking. Well, if you try to connect the work surface, the sink and the oven itself, then the cooking process will also be comfortable.

This Russian stove will fill your home with warmth.

The Russian stove will feed and warm you at any time.

Such a stove will cope very well with heating if you have a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house or a special layout that will allow hot air to circulate throughout all rooms. If you choose the right design, you will get a colossal thermal return, because the efficiency of the Russian stove is from 68-80%, which exceeds the rate of a modern thermal power plant.

A Russian stove with a bench, which children love to play on.

You will not refuse such a couch.

This couch will warm the whole family and will become the main highlight of the interior.

And, of course, the owner of such a stove will become the owner of a stove bench, which will provide not only another sleeping place, but also help to warm the bones in any bad weather.

A brief excursion into history

Scheme of a simple Russian stove: 1 - hailo; 2 - valve; 3 - chimney; 4 - cutting (fluffing); 5 - view; 6 - shield (brow); 7 - damper; 8 - sixth; 9 - hot water box; 10 - brick pillars; 11 —window (hole); 12 - firebox; 13 - grate; 14 - underbake; 15 - cooking chamber (crucible); 16 - under (bream); 17 - vault (sky); 18 - overlap.

The prototype of the traditional Russian stove was the so-called kurnaya Russian stove, that is, a stove without a chimney, known in Russia since ancient times. Until the 15th century, it was heated “in black”, while the smoke came out of the hut through a small portage window located under the ceiling and equipped with a plank shutter - a curtain. Of course, this method of heating the home was not entirely convenient.

A certain contribution to the development of stove business in Russia was made by Emperor Peter I. In 1718, he signed a decree prohibiting the construction of houses with chicken stoves in St. Petersburg. In 1722, this decree took effect on the territory of Moscow. This circumstance has become a kind of incentive for architects and stove builders, since there is an urgent need to develop new design solutions for heating houses.

An invaluable contribution to the development and improvement of this craft was made by Russian architects I.I. Sviyazev and N.A. Lvov.They created special masonry schemes and calculation tables for the main elements of the Russian stove. In 1867, the book “Theoretical Foundations of Furnace Art” was published, which became a guide for many generations of stove-makers.

Preparation of oven masonry mortar

For Russian stove masonry with a stove, you will need a special oven solution, the main component of which is clay. You will need the fattest clay you can find.

Clay is cleaned of debris and poured with water for at least a day. After swelling, it is ground on a sieve with a 5 mm cell.

The second integral component of the solution is sand. It must be thoroughly washed and cleaned of dirt, and then calcined before kneading.

As a rule, the proportion of sand and clay in a solution for a Russian stove with a hob is 1:3. However, a lot depends on the fat content of the clay, so you need to select the exact ratio empirically. It is worth trying several options for the solution, making balls the size of a tennis ball out of each. After three days of drying, we evaluate the results. It is desirable that there be as few cracks as possible, and at a break the clay does not crumble into dust. It does not hurt to know that Kuznetsov's furnaces are built in much the same way.

Basic materials of construction

The main material for a Russian stove in a country house or in a hut is, of course, refractory brick, which is made from fireclay clay. It is used for laying the furnace part, where the temperature reaches a maximum. To implement the rest of the structure, ceramic bricks are used.

Each housekeeper - a Russian stove or a Russian fireplace, is equipped with metal or cast iron parts - all kinds of dampers and doors.They must be prepared in a certain quantity, namely:

• furnace door (250x205 mm.), blew door 2 pieces (250x140 mm.), cleaning door 2 pcs. (130x140 mm.) and ventilation (the size depends on the diameter of the chimney pipe);
• grate 380x250 mm;
• gate valve 3 pcs. (140x140, 260x260 and 180x140 mm.);
• view (diameter 230 mm.);
• damper for the crucible (450x380 mm.);
• hot water box (500x280x120 mm);
• two burner stove (400x700 mm.);
• strips of steel (1430x25x2, 1000x50x12 mm.).

For the correct laying of a number of elements - vaults and arches of the housekeeper - templates are needed that should be disassembled without much effort and time. For their manufacture, parts made of plywood and wood are used.

Types of furnaces by design:

• Supply
• Drier
• Kolpakovaya

The most simple in terms of the design of the furnace, called forced-air. Fuel combustion processes are provided in these designs by the presence of three main elements; a furnace section, a blowing chamber to ensure the supply of oxygen to the furnace to maintain combustion and a special chimney for the emission of flue gases into the atmosphere. For dachas and small private houses, supply stoves are better suited than others due to the ease of construction and simple maintenance. But the efficiency of these furnaces is not very high, since the flue gases go outside still hot, without giving up all the heat.

The channel furnace is characterized by a greater complexity of the device, since it is designed to make full use of the heat received. Hot flue gases are not vented from the kiln until they have passed through the long channels in the lower levels of the kiln. Exhaust gases are practically cold.The efficiency of a channel furnace largely depends on the design and length of the internal channels - the longer the flue gases pass through the channels, the more heat is transferred to the body of the furnace and then to the room.

Models of bell-type stoves were originally intended for manufacturing enterprises, but soon these highly efficient stoves found use in everyday life and became very popular. The main difference in the design and the main element of such a stove is a cap, one or two. The cap is located at the highest level of the stove. The operation of this furnace unit is not difficult: in a simplified way, the scheme looks like this - according to the laws of physics, hot flue gas rises and cannot leave without giving up its heat to the hood. After that, the gas becomes heavier and falls to the lower levels, and there the next portion of hot gas is already ready, and the cold one is forced out of the furnace into the chimney and into the atmosphere. These processes, of course, do not go sequentially, but are continuous, like a cycle. Special advantages of bell-type furnaces:

• Draft affects the operation and efficiency of the furnace slightly
• Smoke in the room is almost impossible, there is no smell of smoke

Principles for classification of furnaces

If you study the directories, it turns out that there is no single approved classification of heating devices. This is due to the versatility of the design, the speed of modernization, and regional specifics. So, heating and cooking stoves installed in the houses of Ukraine and Kuban are a kind of “Swede”, and modern “Dutch” ones differ from the original ones in the structure of the chimney.

Conditionally, you can make a grouping according to the following criteria:

• country of origin - Dutch, Swedish, Russian;
• purpose - heating, cooking, combined;
• material - brick, stone, iron;
• wall thickness - thick-walled, combined, thin-walled;
• type of chimney - straight, multi-channel (serial and parallel);
• furnace device - closed and open (fireplaces);
• shape - angular, square, round, polygonal.

Consider modern types of heating furnaces and tell you in what conditions they will be most effective.