Water supply in the country from the well: analysis of the constituent components of the system

The device of a typical plumbing system

Water pump.

The composition of the plumbing system includes individual elements:

• water pump;
• pipes with shut-off and control valves;
• control devices, pressure adjustment - pressure gauge and relay;
• hydroaccumulating tank;
• drain device.

The scheme may include a storage tank, filtration devices, water heaters. In pumping stations, the main elements are not located separately, but are united by a common frame.

Pump selection

To choose a pump for a plumbing system, consider:

• depth of a well, well;
• consumed volume of liquid;
• source debit;
• water pressure.

In wells with a depth of more than 8 m, submersible pumps are lowered - centrifugal or vibration. They look like a long narrow cylinder. The working body of centrifugal pumps is the blades, which, when rotated, suck in water and push it into the pipeline. It is a reliable low noise and high performance design.

The vibration pump pumps liquid by constantly changing the position of the membrane. This is a detail that is sensitive to the purity of water - sand impurities disable it. The damage is fixed, but the repair is expensive.

On the street, valves made of cast iron, bronze or crane boxes are installed. In the premises - mixers that are not suitable for the street. Ball valves outdoors are undesirable. They react sensitively to temperature fluctuations, the case can collapse even during frost if there is some water left in it.

System pressure control.

For normal operation of the system, a constant pressure of 2.5-4.0 atm is maintained in it. Higher or lower is undesirable. These parameters are provided by a pressure switch and a hydraulic accumulator. They prevent water hammer, and when the upper threshold is exceeded, they turn off the pump.

It is more difficult to prepare a water tank for winter plumbing. It must be hidden indoors, for example in the attic. Reliable thermal insulation made of foam or mineral wool is required. A good cover is needed, otherwise small particles of insulation will enter the plumbing system.

Arrange sewerage.

In the country, it is necessary to build an independent sewerage system. The cesspool does not solve the problem - it does not meet sanitary standards, the relevant services may prohibit use.

For repairs or when leaving for a long time, water is drained from the system.For this, a drain valve is used, which is installed at the lowest point after the pump. When the pump is turned off and the valve is opened, the water moves down the slope through the pipe back. In deep wells and wells, a bypass and a check valve are installed bypassing the main pipeline.

In a private house, a standard water supply scheme includes nodes and their components:

• pipes;
• pump and filters;
• pressure regulator;
• water accumulator;
• drain device.

In addition to the average set, this may include heating elements. It all depends on the complexity and functionality.

You will need a water pump to raise the water depth. It depends on the source of water intake (a simple well or a water well), the depth of occurrence, the required volume and productivity, and financial capabilities.

There are two types of deposits:

1. Surface - makes it possible to pump water from a depth of up to 8 meters, located on the surface of the water surface or the earth.
2. Deep - is able to pump water from a great depth, it works due to immersion in the aquatic environment. May be:
3. Vibrating - act at the expense of the membrane, requires cleaning and frequent maintenance;
4. Centrifugal - works due to the rotation of the blades, is reliable and has good performance.

The connection of the pump to the water supply, the quality and durability of operation will depend on the type chosen.

Both materials have their own individual differences:

• Polypropylene products cost more, require special equipment for connection, solder joints are distinguished by their strength and durability.
• Polyethylene pipes are cheap. However, they require expensive metal parts for connection, which cannot guarantee strong joints.

For winter construction, the pipeline is placed in a "cover" made of polypropylene, which protects against freezing. Under the cover, a heating cable runs parallel to the pipe, which maintains a positive temperature. Of course, it requires negligible energy costs.

The difference between the summer water supply system and the winter one

If you visit the cottage exclusively in the summer, during the holidays, then the summer system will be the best option. Winter is suitable for those who constantly live in the country or often travel out of town, regardless of the season.

The collapsible water supply design consists of lightweight plastic pipes, flexible hoses and connectors that can be quickly unwound or removed

Features of the summer water supply relate to its performance and installation conditions.

Here are a few things you need to be aware of:

• with a lightweight summer version, pipes are buried to a depth of 0.5 m to 0.8 m, that is, they do not take into account the freezing horizon (for comparison, the winter pipeline is laid in deep trenches, from 1.5 m and deeper, depending on the region);
• pipes for temporary use do not need additional insulation (permanently operated communications require additional thermal insulation or electric heating with a special cable);
• installation of the pump does not require large investments - it is enough to put on a casing or install a canopy (a constantly working mechanism is usually installed in a specially designated enclosed space or in a caisson);
• stationary water supply needs a drain device, like a winter capital option, however, for collapsible systems, this nuance is not relevant, because draining occurs during the dismantling process;
• for lightweight installation, wiring with a serial connection is used, for a permanent one - with a collector;
• the operation of the seasonal system is often provided by a submersible or surface pump, the functioning of the permanent network occurs due to the pumping station, if necessary - with a storage tank and a water heater.

It is clear that the arrangement of the winter version is a more serious undertaking that requires sufficient material investments. The status of a summer water supply system largely depends on its type: you can choose both a capital stationary structure and a collapsible "temporary house" for 2-3 months.

Summer and winter plumbing

Previously, you most likely heard such definitions as summer and winter plumbing systems. Study the main properties of these options, it is quite possible that even the simplest summer option will be able to satisfy your needs. Otherwise, you can immediately proceed to the study of the following sections of the manual on the arrangement of a full-fledged water supply.

Summer option

Summer plumbing in the country

The features of such a water supply system are clear from its name - the operation of such a system is possible only in the warm period. There are stationary and collapsible modifications of the system.

The collapsible summer water supply system has a very simple design: it is enough to connect the hoses to a pump of suitable parameters and lay them on the soil surface so that they do not interfere with normal movement around the summer cottage.

Summer plumbing in the country

Silicone and rubber hoses are suitable for arranging the system. The connection is made using special adapters.Also in specialized stores are available more modern products for connecting hoses - latches. One side of such a latch is equipped with a spring-loaded connector, and on the other side there is a “ruff”. With the help of such latches, hoses are connected quickly, reliably and simply.

Most often, such a collapsible system is used for irrigation. It is pointless to organize on its basis a full-fledged water supply to solve domestic needs.

Piping for summer plumbing

The laying of a stationary summer water supply is carried out underground. Flexible hoses are not suitable for arranging such a system. The best option is plastic pipes.

Pipes of stationary seasonal water supply are laid at a meter depth. After the end of the season, water must be pumped out of the pipes, otherwise, with the advent of cold weather, it will freeze and ruin the pipeline.

In view of this, the pipes must be laid with a slope towards the drain valve. Directly the valve is mounted near the water source.

Winter option

Such water supply can be used throughout the year.

Plumbing in the country

Pipes made of polyethylene and polypropylene are suitable for arranging the system. The former are sold at a lower price and are mounted without the use of special tools. The latter are somewhat more expensive and require the use of a pipe soldering iron during installation. However, in the end, you will spend more money on additional parts for mounting pipes based on polyethylene than on additional products used in the installation of polypropylene pipes.

Water pipes are laid with a slight slope towards the source of water supply. The pipeline should run 200-250 mm below the freezing point of the soil.

Pipe slope

There is also an option with pipe laying at a depth of 300 mm. In this case, additional insulation of the pipeline is mandatory. Foamed polyethylene perfectly copes with the functions of thermal insulation. There are special products of a cylindrical shape. It is enough to simply put such rounded polypropylene on the pipe and as a result the product will be reliably protected from cold and other adverse effects.

Not only winter water pipes, but also a source of water need additional insulation.

Polystyrene "shell" for pipe insulation

For example, a well is insulated for the winter and covered with snow. These measures will be enough to ensure the protection of the structure from the cold.

Well insulation

Surface pumping equipment, if used, is equipped with a caisson. The caisson is a pit with additional insulation, equipped next to a water supply source equipped with a pump.

Caisson

The installation of automatic pumping stations can only be carried out in a room where the air temperature does not drop to negative levels even in the most severe frosts.

Typical device of a pumping stationInsulation of sewer pipes

Next, we will consider the procedure for arranging a full-fledged water supply, which can be used at any time of the year.

Piping, boiler and expansion tank

What are the plumbing

Water pipelines in the country most often do not function all year round, but only in summer. They can be used not only for irrigation, but also for drinking, if the water in the source and the condition of the pipes are satisfactory.

summer

This is the simplest option, familiar to every summer resident. You can assemble it alone, it will not take much time.As a rule, a rubber hose is connected to a special branch pipe coming from a central source. The pressure is regulated by a tap and, in the old fashioned way, by narrowing / expanding the hose itself.

Often summer residents are connected to the main pipe not with rubber hoses, but with their own plastic pipes, which are pulled along the entire site in previously dug recesses. Special racks are also created from vertically arranged pipes near those parts of the site that need additional watering (for example, near greenhouses).

For branching pipes, special nozzles are used. which allow you to cover almost the entire area of ​​​​the garden, if the pressure in the source allows.

winter plumbing

Winter water supply options are more complicated than summer ones, since they provide the site and the house with water all year round. They have the following differences:

• the water source must contain sufficient volumes, and the water itself must not freeze in winter;
• pipes must be additionally protected from low winter temperatures, for example, with foam

the house must have a water heater;
the source of water supply must also be protected from frost.

Methods for arranging winter plumbing

For a water supply system that will perform its main function - water supply all year round, you must choose one of two options:

1. Lay the water supply in such a way that the pipes run below the freezing depth of the soil.
2. Lay pipes above the freezing horizon, but at the same time insulating them.

Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Let's consider them in more detail.

Method number 1 - below the freezing depth

This method is advisable to apply when the freezing depth is not more than 150 cm. In this case, the freezing depth value is determined based on data for the last 10 years.

It is also worth considering that very cold winters occasionally occur when the ground freezes below. Based on this, it becomes clear that pipes should be laid to a depth equal to the depth of soil freezing in the region plus 20 - 30 cm.

The water supply system begins with digging a trench of the required depth from the well to the entry point of the water supply into the house.

At the bottom of the trench, sand is poured with a layer of 10 cm and water pipes are laid. The trench is covered with earth, the soil at the place of filling is compacted.

Despite the fact that this is the easiest and most inexpensive way to create a winter water supply from a well, there is a problem with the choice of pipes: polyethylene pipes will not work here, because. will not withstand the mass of soil pressing from above, and metal pipes (steel) will corrode.

The problem can be solved by treating the pipes with an anti-corrosion compound before laying.

For laying pipelines at great depths, thick-walled polyethylene pipes can be used, but they must be laid in a protective corrugated casing

In addition to the problem with the choice of pipes, this method of arranging a winter water supply has several more disadvantages:

• when carrying out repair work, there is a need for a large amount of earthwork;
• difficulty in finding a damaged section of the pipeline;
• the likelihood of freezing and rupture of pipes in the water supply system in case of insufficient deepening of the water supply system.

In order to reduce the number of accidents on the water supply to a minimum, it is recommended to make as few pipe joints as possible, because. it is at the joints that leaks most often occur.

Also, when installing a winter water supply system below the level of seasonal freezing, it is necessary to carefully monitor the tightness at the junction of the water supply pipes to the well.

When laying the pipeline below the level of seasonal freezing, the trench is deepened by 20 - 30 cm to ensure the formation of a sand cushion of 15 cm and lay pipes at the required depth

Method number 2 - warming the water supply

With this method, the water supply is buried to a depth of 40-60 cm, but the pipes are laid insulated in the trench.

For the northern regions, it would be advisable to line the trench with bricks or cellular concrete blocks to increase heat conservation.

Of course, this will significantly increase the cost of building a winter water supply, but it gives a 100% guarantee against freezing.

From above, such a trench is covered with concrete slabs and covered with soil. Pipes for the installation of insulated water supply usually the most common ones are used: low-pressure polymers and a suitable diameter.

What heater to use? There are two options here:

• rigid heat-saving shells made of foam plastic or extruded polystyrene foam (“shell”);
• soft heat-insulating materials (foamed polyethylene options, mineral and basalt wool with external water-repellent protection).

When choosing a heat-insulating material for pipes, it is necessary to pay attention not only to its cost and ease of use, but also to its physical properties.For example, mineral wool is an inexpensive and easy-to-install insulation, but it has high water-absorbing properties, which means that it must be used with a mandatory vapor barrier layer.

For example, mineral wool is an inexpensive and easy-to-install insulation, but it has high water-absorbing properties, which means that it must be used with a mandatory vapor barrier layer.

Basalt wool based on sedimentary rocks - a fairly heavy insulation that cannot be used for pipes of small diameter.

The choice of insulation should be made based on local conditions: soil moisture, freezing depth, and also taking into account the diameter and type of pipes

To backfill a trench with insulated pipes, it is best to use not excavated soil, but crushed stone or expanded clay.

These materials have a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity than soil, and therefore will provide longer heat retention.

Preparatory work and installation steps

Pipes are not buried deep into the ground, as water is drained for the winter

The scheme of the water supply network on the plot will depend on which pipeline will be installed - permanent or collapsible.

The latter option is much easier to make with your own hands. It consists of hoses that are made of silicone or plastic and connecting parts made of plastic, plastic or steel. Using special quality connections, you can create a dock that will not flow.

Most often, water pipes are made of polypropylene pipes, which are inclined relative to the source of water supply. The slope towards the drain valve should be approximately 8-15 degrees.If the water supply system is stationary, it is best to place it in shallow trenches, and bring several irrigation taps to the surface.

Before proceeding with the installation, you need to prepare a drawing to make it easier to calculate how much material will be needed. At this design stage, you need to calculate the number and size of pipes, other tools and materials.

After marking, you can start digging a trench. Its optimal depth is 0.4 meters, except when pipes are laid under the beds.

Watering can be done with an irrigation system or a hose. At the junction of the pipeline and the central line, a valve or an inlet valve is mounted. Pipes made of low-pressure polyethylene are connected to the inlet valve with a coupling. It is located on the outer and inner side - it depends on the location of the thread. After fixing the connection, a piece of pipe with a hose and a tee are mounted.

Pipe bending

When installing a summer water supply system in a country house, it is important to know in what ways pipes can be bent so as not to violate their integrity.

• To carry out the bend, you will need several plugs that are filled with sand. This method minimizes the chance of crack formation. Alternatively, wooden chopsticks can be used instead of plugs. Pipes are made of different strengths, therefore, it is difficult to say how much effort will have to be applied. The easiest bending method is to insert another one, but with a small section, into the pipe, find the stop and give it the desired shape, exerting a physical impact.
• Pipes of square shape and large diameter are bent with a burner and sand.
• For aluminum and steel pipes, you will also need a torch. The product is covered with sand and plugs are placed on both sides. The required area is heated red-hot and bent.

If used incorrectly, the burner can leave a hole in the building material, so it is recommended to move it aside regularly.

How to manually bend pipes

To independently bend pipes made of metal-plastic, you must strictly follow the following recommendations:

• Bend slowly and without sudden movements.
• To get the required angle of inclination, it is necessary to lay pieces of wire before bending.
• The larger the lever of the pipe put on the structure, the easier it is to bend it.

To bend polypropylene pipes, heat the required area with a hair dryer to 150 degrees. The segment with the thickest wall is bent. They also bend the building material without preheating, but then the maximum angle of inclination will be 8 degrees. Before filling the system with water, the pipes are checked for defects and damage.

Water supply of a private house from a well and a well: pipe laying

Any of the described water supply schemes for a private house is implemented using a pump that supplies water to the house. In this case, a pipeline must be built connecting the well or well with a pumping station or storage tank. There are two options for laying pipes - only for summer use or for all-weather (winter).

A section of a horizontal pipe may be located either below the freezing depth of the soil or it needs to be insulated

When installing a summer water supply system (for summer cottages), pipes can be laid on top or in shallow ditches.At the same time, you must not forget to make a tap at the lowest point - drain the water before winter so that frozen water does not break the system in frost. Or make the system collapsible - from pipes that can be rolled up on threaded fittings - and these are HDPE pipes. Then in the fall everything can be disassembled, twisted and put into storage. Return everything in the spring.

Laying water pipes in the area for winter use requires a lot of time, effort and money. Even in the most severe frosts, they should not freeze. And there are two solutions:

• lay them below the freezing depth of the soil;
• bury shallowly, but be sure to heat or insulate (or you can do both).

deep laying

It makes sense to bury water pipes deeply if it freezes no more than 1.8 m. almost a two-meter layer of soil. Previously, asbestos pipes were used as a protective shell. Today there is also a plastic corrugated sleeve. It is cheaper and lighter, it is easier to lay pipes in it and give it the desired shape.

When laying the pipeline below the freezing depth, it is necessary to dig a deep trench that is long for the entire route

Although this method requires a lot of labor, it is used because it is reliable. In any case, they try to lay the section of the water supply system between the well or well and the house exactly below the freezing depth. The pipe is led out through the wall of the well below the depth of freezing of the soil and is led into the trench under the house, where it is raised higher.The most problematic place is the exit from the ground into the house, you can additionally heat it with an electric heating cable. It works in automatic mode maintaining the set heating temperature - it works only if the temperature is below the set one.

When using a well and a pumping station as a source of water, a caisson is installed. It is buried below the freezing depth of the soil, and equipment is placed in it - a pumping station. The casing pipe is cut so that it is above the bottom of the caisson, and the pipeline is led out through the wall of the caisson, also below the freezing depth.

Laying water pipes in a private house from a well when constructing a caisson

A water pipe buried in the ground is difficult to repair: you have to dig in. Therefore, try to lay a solid pipe without joints and welds: they are the ones that give the most problems.

close to the surface

With a shallow foundation, there is less earthwork, but in this case it makes sense to make a full-fledged route: lay out a trench with bricks, thin concrete slabs, etc. At the construction stage, the costs are significant, but the operation is convenient, repair and modernization are no problems.

In this case, the water supply pipes of a private house from the well and well rise to the level of the trench and are brought out there. They are laid in thermal insulation to prevent them from freezing. For insurance, they can also be heated - use heating cables.

One practical tip: if a power cable runs from a submersible or borehole pump to the house, it can be hidden in a protective sheath made of PVC or other material, and then attached to the pipe. Fasten every meter with a piece of adhesive tape.So you will be sure that the electrical part is safe for you, the cable will not fray or break: when the ground moves, the load will be on the pipe, and not on the cable.

Sealing the entrance to the well

When organizing the water supply of a private house from a well with your own hands, pay attention to the termination of the exit point of the water pipe from the mine. It is from here that most often the dirty top water gets inside

It is important that the outlet of the water pipe of their well shaft is well sealed

If the hole in the wall of the shaft is not much larger than the diameter of the pipe, the gap can be sealed with sealant. If the gap is large, it is covered with a solution, and after drying, it is coated with a waterproofing compound (bituminous impregnation, for example, or a cement-based compound). Lubricate preferably both outside and inside.

Types of garden aqueduct

There are two ways to lay a pipeline in a country house - summer and seasonal (capital). Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Summer option

The method of ground installation of a water supply system in summer cottages is used to organize the irrigation of vegetable beds, berry bushes, and fruit trees. Ground water supply is used to supply a bathhouse, a summer kitchen, a garden house.

The seasonal plumbing system is a ground loop with long fittings at the branching point. If the site is used exclusively during the warm period, it is reasonable to lay pipes on the surface. Such a system is easy to dismantle for the winter to prevent theft of materials in the off-season.

On a note! To avoid damage to communications by agricultural equipment, summer water supply is laid on special supports.

The main convenience of seasonal polyethylene plumbing is its mobility.If necessary, the configuration can be changed in 10-15 minutes. It is enough to add or remove a few meters of pipe or run it in a different direction.

Irrigation system

Scheme

Temporary summer water supply at the dacha from HDPE pipes is assembled and disassembled with their own hands according to the principle of a children's designer.

Typical scheme of country water supply

The network diagram is drawn up with reference to a detailed site plan. The drawing marks the location of green spaces, water intake points, a house, a shower, a washbasin.

Important! Pipes are laid with a slope towards the water intake point. At the lowest point of the system provide for the installation of a drain valve

capital system

If the site is capitally equipped and used all year round, it is wise to spend time and money on installing a capital plumbing system. The principle of connecting elements in this case does not change. The difference lies in the additional installation of compressor equipment and the closed location. To equip a permanent water supply, communications are laid in trenches below the freezing depth of the soil.

Entering HDPE pipes into the house

Warming

The depth of soil freezing in different regions of the Russian Federation differs significantly. To avoid breaking communications at the time of sudden temperature fluctuations, it is recommended to insulate them.

For the insulation of a capital water supply system from HDPE in a summer cottage, the following materials are used:

1. Basalt insulation in the form of finished cylindrical modules.
2. Fiberglass cloth in rolls. You will need to buy roofing felt to protect the warm layer from getting wet.
3. Styrofoam. Reusable folding modules from two halves, which are used repeatedly, are mounted simply and quickly.

Insulation for pipes made of foamed polyethylene According to statistics, the depth of soil freezing in winter in Russia exceeds 1 meter. For clay and loam of Moscow and the region, this is ...

On a note! Water under high pressure does not freeze. If a receiver is installed in the system, there is no need for additional thermal insulation of the water supply.

In capital construction, when laying a pipeline to a shallow depth, a heating cable is laid parallel to the system and connected to a grounded power source.

Defrosting water and sewer pipes Russia is located in a harsh climatic region, so in winter and early spring there is a risk ...

How to choose?

Manufacturers offer several types of polyethylene pipes to choose from. First of all, products are distinguished by the type of transported medium.

For the production of gas pipes, special additives are used that change the composition of water. It is strictly forbidden to use gas pipes with yellow markings for the plumbing system!

To assemble the pipeline underground, two types of polyethylene are used:

1. HDPE PE 100, manufactured in accordance with GOST 18599-2001. Product diameter — 20 to 1200 mm. Such pipes are made black with a longitudinal blue stripe along the entire length.
2. HDPE PE PROSAFE, produced in accordance with GOST 18599-2001, TU 2248-012-54432486-2013, PAS 1075. Such pipes have an additional mineral protective sheath, 2 mm thick.

For the main line, blanks with a diameter of 40 mm are selected. For secondary - 20 mm or 25 mm.

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