How a septic tank works: device diagram and principle of operation of a typical design

Scheme, design device

Diagram of a septic tank.

Immediately before construction work, it is necessary to determine the location of the sewer, draw a drawing. At this stage, it is worth considering some of the nuances that are necessarily displayed in the drawing:

• the distance between the septic tank and the house is at least 5 meters;
• from a well, a well with drinking water, a distance of 30 m or more.

The erected concrete septic tank on the site solves not only the problem of collecting everyday household waste, but also takes into account the ecological approach to the breakdown of precipitation into non-hazardous elements. For a visual understanding of the process, we will analyze the structure of septic tanks, the main task of which is to collect waste, stage-by-stage clarification, and cleaning. Septic tanks differ in the number of containers:

• single-chamber septic tank made of concrete rings, the process of work is the accumulation of wastewater;
• two-chamber, the tanks are interconnected by an overflow pipe;
• three-chamber, the process of work, as well as a two-chamber capacity.

The more septic tanks, the better the cleaning.

Each container is responsible for the next stage of wastewater treatment. The more containers, the better the cleaning

It is important to correctly calculate the required number of buildings. The standard option is three elements, but there are special projects with fewer containers

The classic scheme of a septic tank made of concrete rings:

• The first well is a chamber for settling wastewater with a concreted base. The volume of the first container is half the size of the entire building. Anaerobes can be added to the tank, allowing the separation of solids and the accumulation of residues at the bottom. In the absence of facilities for water intake on the site, bacteria are not used.
• The second well - a container for cleaning impurities, is connected to the first and provides a second level of filtration.
• The third well is a filtration tank, connected by a pipe to the second tank. The concrete bottom of the tank was replaced with sandy or sand-gravel. Clarified water passes through it and penetrates into the soil.

As practice shows, they are often limited to installing two wells.For a small family with a small amount of household appliances, one sump is enough, but for a family with active use of a washing machine, dishwasher, shower, bath, etc. it is worth stopping your choice on two sump tanks.

Disadvantages and features of operation

The Topas septic tank, when working properly, cleans drains well, with regular maintenance it does not smell. With a properly selected volume, it provides a comfortable existence of the city level, even in the country. All this is true, but there are also disadvantages:

• Dependence on the availability of electricity.
• The need for regular maintenance (2-4 times a year, the list and description of work below).
• Volley discharge limitation. Each model of the Topas septic tank can accept a certain amount of runoff at a time. It is impossible to drain more than this volume. This can become a problem with a large number of guests.
• Not everything can be drained into an autonomous sewer. It is impossible for large fragments that do not pass through the drain grate, it is impossible for newspapers or any insoluble fragments to fall into the drains. Disinfectants that can get there in large quantities have a very bad effect on bacteria.
• It is necessary to take care of where you will drain / dispose of treated wastewater. It is impossible to use them for watering a vegetable garden or a garden, only for technical needs - to water a lawn, a flower bed, etc., to wash a car. Another option is to install a post-treatment station and dump it into a gutter (if there is one nearby), bring the treated waste into a filter column or a pit filled with crushed stone for further post-treatment and suction into the ground.
• In seasonal residences (dachas), it is necessary to preserve the system for the winter, otherwise the bacteria will die.

So there are certain restrictions on use. However, these installations give a better effect than conventional septic tanks.

Installation of septic tanks: some tips from professionals

Let's consider what difficulties there may be when installing a finished septic tank. Firstly, it is necessary to choose a reliable, competent installation company that installs a treatment plant.

Secondly, take into account what material the septic tank is made of - propylene or polyethylene, and what is the thickness of the walls. Thirdly, it is necessary to ask not only the price of equipment and the cost of installation, but also the cost of servicing the service (the price of pumping out)

It is desirable to purchase septic tanks of well-known brands, since in this case it can be hoped that both spare parts and a service company in the region are available.

To determine the size of a septic tank, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the number of taps installed in the house, and what is the one-time discharge of water.

If a small number of people live in the house, then you can consider the option of a small septic tank of the "Baby" type

According to statistics, in our country, water consumption per person is taken at the rate of 250 liters per day. But if someone in the family loves often take a bath or frequent washing occurs, then this factor must also be taken into account when choosing the volume of the septic tank.

In order for the septic tank to serve for a long time and properly, it is necessary to regularly do preventive examinations. And also, plastic bags, garbage, chemicals, medicines, especially antibiotics (they are killers of living microorganisms in a septic tank) should not be allowed to enter the sewer.

Mounting process

Usually, the construction or installation of the structure is carried out independently in the summer.A drawing is required for installation. The size of the ravine depends on which design scheme of the device was put into operation.

If you are not confident in your abilities, the installation of a septic tank should be entrusted to professionals.

The installation conditions are as follows:

1. All settling tanks and (if provided for by the scheme) a filter well should be placed in the dug pit.
2. If a septic tank made of plastic material is mounted, then before burying the pit, the container should be filled with water to prevent deformation of the walls.
3. The structure is mounted so that its cover is above the ground, otherwise the sedimentation tanks will flood with rain.
4. If the sewer system will be used all year round, then the top of the septic tank must be insulated. For this purpose, expanded clay or foam panels are used.

For a septic tank, you can use ready-made shambo. Subject to the scheme, the septic tank will turn out as from the picture. So, a device without pumping out makes it possible not only to accumulate, but also to successfully clean drains.

Installing a septic tank in a suburban area or in a private house will provide an opportunity to create an increased level of comfort in housing. At the same time, maintenance does not require significant expenditure of money and time.

Do-it-yourself construction and installation of a country septic tank made of monolithic concrete

It is better to dig a pit for a septic tank by asking relatives and friends for help

After determining the size of the structure and choosing a place, they begin to dig a pit. The size of the pit is chosen depending on which formwork will be used. If it is planned to install boards from boards on both sides, then the pit is made 40 - 50 cm wider than the size of the tank, taking into account the thickness of its walls.In the case when concrete will be poured between the formwork and the ground, the pit is dug according to the external dimensions of the septic tank. If hired people are used for this, calculate the cost of their work. Be sure to keep in mind that the soil will have to be removed from the site, and this will entail additional costs for its loading. Perhaps the total cost of all earthworks will approach the cost of operating an excavator. At the same time, he will cope with the work ten times faster.
Tamp the bottom of the pit and fill it with a layer of sand 10–15 cm thick. After that, the sand is spilled with water to compact it.
Install formwork around the perimeter of the structure. If a one-sided board fence is used, then the walls of the pit are covered with plastic wrap. This will prevent them from shedding during the pouring of the walls and the base of the septic tank.

Pit wall waterproofing

Lay pieces of wooden slats at least 5 cm thick on the bottom. They will be needed as spacers for the reinforcement belt, which will be inside the concrete base.
Build an armored belt from a metal bar or reinforcement. To do this, longitudinal elements are laid on the rails, and the transverse elements are attached to them by welding or tying with wire. The size of the cells of the resulting lattice should be no more than 20 - 25 cm.

Armo-belt installation

Fill the base of the septic tank with concrete and compact it with a bayonet or rammer. The thickness of the bottom must be at least 15 cm. To prepare a mortar from grade 400 cement, you can use the following proportion: 1 part of cement is mixed with 2 parts of sand and 3 parts of crushed stone.When using cement M-500, the amount of bulk materials is increased by 15 - 20%.

Pouring the base of the septic tank with concrete

After the concrete base has finally set, proceed to the construction of the formwork of the walls and partitions of the septic tank. Reinforcement is also installed inside the formwork to strengthen the structure of the structure.
At the level of overflow channels and entry-exit points of sewer pipes, windows are made by installing large-diameter pipe sections into the formwork or constructing plank frames.

Construction of formwork for walls and internal partitions

After the chambers of the septic tank have reached the required height, proceed to the construction of the ceiling. To do this, support elements made of steel are laid over the walls. corners or profile pipes

At the same time, it is important to ensure sufficient strength, since concrete has a significant weight.
When installing formwork and reinforcement, take care of openings for hatches.

Installation of floor support elements

Fill the septic tank cover with concrete and cover the structure with plastic wrap.

Before pouring the floor, be sure to install a ventilation pipe

After the floor has dried, a sewer line is brought into the receiving window of the first chamber, and the outlet of the structure is connected to drainage structures.
They fill the septic tank with soil, constantly tamping and leveling it. It is important that the level of soil above the septic tank is slightly higher than the level of the entire site.

This will prevent the treatment plant from flooding during heavy rains or floods.

Mounting process

Usually, the construction or installation of the structure is carried out independently in the summer. A drawing is required for installation.

Installation conditions are as follows:

1. All settling tanks and (if provided for by the scheme) a filter well should be placed in the dug pit.
2. If a septic tank made of plastic material is mounted, then before burying the pit, the container should be filled with water to prevent deformation of the walls.
3. The structure is mounted so that its cover is above the ground, otherwise the sedimentation tanks will flood with rain.
4. If the sewer system will be used all year round, then the top of the septic tank must be insulated. For this purpose, expanded clay or foam panels are used.

You can use ready-made shambo. Subject to the scheme, the septic tank will turn out as from the picture. A device without pumping out makes it possible not only to accumulate, but also to successfully clean drains.

Installing a septic tank in a suburban area or in a private house will create an increased level of comfort in housing. At the same time, maintenance does not require significant expenditure of money and time.

Septic tank based on deep biological treatment

This type of septic tank is already a volatile wastewater treatment system, made in a monoblock form factor. This is where both aerobic and anaerobic cleaning methods come into play.

In the receiving chamber, various heavy particles also settle, and a film is formed from the lungs. Then the effluents move to another chamber, where oxygen-independent microorganisms interact with organic substances of a difficult to oxidize type.

As a result, the latter become easily oxidized. Then everything goes into an aerobic chamber with air supply, where the process of splitting organics is significantly accelerated, which leads to an impressive level of purification of 98%.

Whatever the septic tank, it is important not to forget from time to time to remove the remains of silt through the special hatches present in its design.

How does a septic tank work

- 14 days, - the minimum period of water in the septic tank from the moment it enters to the drain to the next stage of treatment (requirements of the Sanitary Standards).

– 65% purification, – the minimum level of water purification that can be sent to the systems soil aftertreatment from a septic tank.

- 98% purification, - the minimum level of purification of water that can be discharged into the ground or into a reservoir.

The process of water purification in a septic tank occurs due to the vital activity of anaerobic microorganisms. They decompose complex organic matter into simpler substances, without access to oxygen. Oxygen is not required for their normal functioning. But processing is slow.

The septic tank is closed with tight lids so that harmful gases do not freely spread in the atmosphere. But there should not be tightness - since air leakage is necessary for ventilation. The septic tank is usually ventilated through the drain pipe and the sewer ventilation pipe on the roof of the house.

The material from which the septic tank is made does not affect the activity of the bio-flora, unless of course it emits harmful substances. The most widely used septic tanks are made of reinforced concrete rings. Septic tanks made of plastic are also popular. With a smaller volume, they are more technologically advanced during construction. Read About choosing the volume of a septic tank. The construction of such structures made of brick, due to its low water-resistant qualities, is hardly justified.

Why you need a septic tank and what it is: a scheme of work

It represents a container that consists of storage chambers that accumulate wastewater inside, and then the liquids are cleaned. It follows that the more expensive the cleaner in a private house, the more efficient and reliable it works, it is guaranteed to clean the sewage that gets inside. Therefore, before buying this kind of device, think about how often you will live in this house, and what daily mass of liquid will fall into the septic tanks. The septic tank is designed in such a way that cleaning is not fast, it takes time, it will not work continuously.

Therefore, first of all, septic tanks for sewage are selected based on the number of residents and the number of plumbing equipment. At the same time, take into account the intensity of use of this equipment, so as not to overdo it with the number of drains

A sewer septic tank for a private house does not just stand in one place, it ensures that water drains into the ground after proper cleaning, so pay attention to this moment. And if a lot of sediment has accumulated at the bottom of the tank and the water does not go into the well, then the sewage machine will help pump out the liquid from there and clean the cleaner

How are septic tanks designed and operated?

A septic tank is an element of an autonomous sewer system, usually designed for private houses. It consists of one or more containers for collecting waste. A septic tank stands out among other wastewater treatment products in terms of efficiency and durability, but the main advantage is that it can work in any climatic conditions. Even in freezing cold, the system continues to work stably.

Basic principles of operation of septic tanks

There are different designs of septic tanks, however, the main mechanism of the cleaner is as follows:

• The sewer pipe delivers wastewater to the first tank of the unit.
• Heavy particles settle in it, and the light water goes to the next chamber, where it is processed in an aggressive bacterial environment.
• In both tanks, the fermentation process begins, as a result of which methane is produced.

What is the principle of operation of the Termite septic tank?

The Termite septic tank is a single device that consists of several fractions - chambers through which sewage passes and is cleaned. They are connected by an overflow pipe. The design consists of a storage tank and a bacterial filter, it works in stages:

• Water is collected in the first chamber, and large debris goes to the bottom.
• Purified water enters the second chamber through a pipe. Here, under the influence of anaerobic bacteria, further cleaning of the liquid occurs. As a result, the level of purification is up to 70%.
• The irrigation dome accumulates purified water and can be used to irrigate the land.
• The final purification of water - up to 95% - occurs due to soil filtration due to microparticles oxidizing chemical elements.

Septic Topas - how does it work?

Topas series septic tanks are very popular systems, characterized by high efficiency and ease of operation. This is achieved through the following structure:

• 4 chambers, therefore 4 cleaning steps,
• several airlifts,
• special collection system for non-recyclable particles.

The size of these systems is small, installation is simple, and the septic tank does not make noise during operation. Uses very little electricity. It's also nice that a domestic-made unit will cost you cheap in terms of maintenance.

Probably the only problem that you may encounter when using it is power outages. The system is completely dependent on electricity, therefore, at the time of its shutdown, it is strictly forbidden to use a septic tank. This could cause serious damage or disable it.

How do septic tanks work without pumping?

In fact, this is not a completely true statement. In any septic tank, sooner or later, a layer of silt (heavy and non-recyclable particles) begins to settle, which must be removed. Septic tanks without pumping simply allow you to remove sludge as rarely as possible, quickly and efficiently, and most importantly - on your own, which is possible thanks to this principle of operation of the device:

• The system has 2 or 3 chambers, which are interconnected by a pipe and sealed side walls.
• Household effluents through the sewer pipe enter the chamber for primary treatment.
• Large particles in the waste settle to the bottom due to gravity, where they will decompose under the influence of anaerobic bacteria.
• Water with fats and small parts enters the second chamber through the pipe, where it is cleaned, as the debris is absorbed into the layer of sand, gravel or crushed stone.
• Purified water goes into the ground in the third chamber or overflows into the next chamber.

Advantages of septic tanks without pumping:

How a septic tank works

A series of septic tanks Tank is a symbiosis of simplicity, quality and budget. Its main difference from others is that its operation does not require power sources (including electricity).

The tank is equipped with stiffeners, but it is also not devoid of elasticity, so it does not break under the pressure of the soil. This septic tank works according to the standard program:

• The first chamber receives a drain through a pipe, where solids are settled and the general primary treatment takes place.
• The main part of the drain water passes into the second chamber, is processed by bacteria.
• Water passes into the third chamber where the filter is installed.

How they are arranged and work septic tanks? Septic tanks come in different models (Topas, pumping bet, Thermite, Tank), but they all have a similar design and a single principle of operation.

Design and preparatory work

When placing a sewer system, it is necessary to take into account the remoteness of the structure from residential buildings, open reservoirs, sources of drinking water.

The main sanitary and technical requirements are specified in SNIP:

• treatment facilities are allowed to be installed at a distance of 5 m from residential premises, 1 m from agricultural buildings;
• removal from sources of drinking water (well, well), depending on the type of soil, can vary from 20 to 50 meters.

For the installation of treatment plant chambers, both ready-made tanks and self-made tanks are used: metal and plastic barrels, monolithic concrete structures, cubic tanks.

The correct calculation of the amount of required building material depends on the volume of the treatment plant. Therefore, the calculation will require the amount of discharged effluents per day. It is not necessary to accurately determine such a value; it is enough to take the water absorption of 150-200 liters per 1 family member. To determine the volume of the receiving compartment of the septic tank, the resulting value is multiplied by 3. If 6 people live permanently in the house, then a capacity of 6x200x3 = 3600 liters is required.

The second compartment of the septic tank is calculated based on the parameters of the receiving chamber.If its volume accepts 2/3 of the liquid of the entire size of the treatment plant, then the parameters of the post-treatment chamber are 1/3 of the volume of the mechanism.

In most regions of Russia, the treatment plant will not freeze in winter thanks to the warm sewage coming from the house. And also an obstacle to freezing are bacteria that are actively behaving in the septic tank. But the structure will still have to be deepened. The distance between the cover and the upper level of wastewater should be equal to the amount of soil freezing in winter. At this level there is a drain sewer pipe. Therefore, it must be taken into account that the structure should be located below this level.

If the high level of groundwater does not allow the system to be deepened below the freezing level of the soil, it is necessary to make insulation. As insulating materials are used:

1. expanded polystyrene;
2. Styrofoam;
3. expanded clay.

Varieties of designs and model range

To deal with how a septic tank works type "Topas", you should study its design. Externally, this device is a large cube-shaped container with a large square lid.

Inside, it is divided into four functional sections. There is a built-in device for air intake from the surface to ensure the saturation of the effluent with oxygen.

The Topas septic tank consists of four interconnected chambers providing multi-stage cleaning. Flowing from one compartment to another, the effluents are settled, processed by bacteria, disinfected and clarified

Inside the cleaning system are the following elements:

• the receiving chamber, into which the effluents initially enter;
• airlift with pumping equipment, which ensures the movement of wastewater between different departments of the device;
• aeration tank - a department in which the secondary stage of cleaning is performed;
• pyramidal chamber, where the final treatment of wastewater takes place;
• post-treatment chamber, here the water purified during the operation of the septic tank accumulates;
• air compressor;
• sludge removal hose;
• device for the removal of purified water.

Model range of septic tanks this brand is quite wide. There are models for plots and houses of various sizes, devices designed to service gas stations, and even powerful sewage treatment plants that can meet the needs of a small village.

This diagram clearly shows the device of the Topas septic tank. It consists of four different departments, through which the waste that has entered the sewer pipe is moved.

In private housing construction, Topas-5 and Topas-8 septic tanks are most often used. The number next to the name indicates the approximate number of residents that the device is designed to serve.

"Topas-5" has a more compact size and lower productivity, it is able to easily meet the needs of a family of five in sewerage services.

This model is considered an ideal choice for a relatively small cottage. Such a device can process about 1000 liters of wastewater per day, and the simultaneous discharge of waste within 220 liters will not cause any harm to the septic tank.

The dimensions of Topas-5 are 2500X1100X1200 mm, and the weight is 230 kg. The power consumption of the device is 1.5 kW per day.

But for a large cottage, it’s better to take Topas-8. The dimensions and ability to process wastewater from this model are much higher.Such a septic tank is able to serve even the areas where the pool is located, although in such a situation, Topas-10 may be more appropriate.

The performance of such models varies between 1500-2000 liters of wastewater per day.

The numbers next to the name of the septic tank indicate the number of people that this device can serve with simultaneous use. Buyers are guided by these indicators, choosing the right model.

There is also a letter marking that describes the special operating conditions for which a particular device is designed.

For example, the designation “Long” indicates the possibility of using this septic tank with a connection depth that exceeds 80 cm. The “Pr” marking indicates models with the option of forced pumping of partially treated water.

Such designs are additionally equipped with a pump. Models marked "Pr" are used in areas with a high level of groundwater.

Models of Topas septic tanks may vary depending on the volume of wastewater being processed, as well as on operating conditions. For example, for areas with an elevated groundwater level, it is recommended to choose a septic tank marked “Pr”

The presence of a pump in the device of this model of the Topas septic tank is designed for installation on a site with clay soils that do not filter well or do not absorb purified water at all. Marking "Us" stands for simply - "reinforced".

These are more powerful models that should be used if the installation depth of the septic tank exceeds the level of the sewer pipe by 1.4 m or more.

The higher the performance of the pump, its power and the more options it has, the more expensive it will be to purchase it, and the more difficult it is to install it. Therefore, you should not choose a treatment plant “for growth”, if in the near future the number of residents in the house should not increase sharply.

More detailed selection advice septic tank for a summer residence discussed in our other article.

The main elements of a septic tank

A septic tank is a local treatment plant designed to equip a sewer system independent of the central networks.

The main tasks of the element are the temporary accumulation of wastewater and their subsequent filtration. Modern septic tanks have become an improved alternative to traditional pit latrines.

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In non-volatile septic tanks, settling tanks, processing, clarification, water disinfection and purification occurs due to the flow of natural chemical, physical and biological processes

Depending on the number of users of an independent sewer system, the volume of the septic tank is selected, depending on the required degree of cleaning, the number of chambers

The more chambers in the septic tank, the more in-depth processing of wastewater is carried out, the shorter the path for wastewater to be discharged into the ground or onto the terrain

For the construction of an autonomous sewage system with its own treatment point, it is now possible to purchase a polymer container of the required volume

Improvised means are suitable for arranging a country allotment with its own sewerage: plastic and metal barrels, eurocubes, car tires

A treatment plant of any volume can be made by pouring concrete into the frame.The device takes a lot of time, but the long-term performance justifies the reliability and price.

Much faster than pouring a monolithic object, a septic tank is being built from concrete rings. The cameras are installed separately, this modular principle is applied in the device septic tanks from several plastic constituents

Septic tank in the countryside

Non-volatile septic tank

Single and double chamber cleaning systems

Three-chamber septic tank for a private house

Plastic containers for independent sewerage

Using a barrel as a septic tank

Monolithic reinforced concrete structure

septic tank private house from concrete rings

Understanding the device and mechanism of operation of a septic tank will facilitate the selection of a treatment plant and its installation. Designs of different modifications have some common components. The treatment system is a sealed tank, which includes one or more compartments.

The chambers of the septic tank are separated by partitions. The movement of fluid between them is carried out through overflow pipes. A drain pipe is connected to the first compartment from the internal sewerage of the house, and purified water is discharged from the last chamber into the ground or semi-purified water for soil purification.

The main components of all cleaning units are:

1. Tanks for settling wastewater. Storage tanks are made of plastic, metal, concrete or brick. The most preferred models are made of fiberglass and polypropylene - the materials are resistant to abrasion and guarantee the tightness of the tank during the entire period of operation.
2. Incoming and outgoing pipeline. Overflow pipes are installed at a slope, providing unhindered flow of liquid between the tanks.
3. Service items.Revision wells and hatches. At least one well is installed on the outer route of the sewer pipeline. With an increase in the length of the branch more than 25 m, an additional revision is arranged.
4. Ventilation system. Regardless of which bacteria (anaerobic or aerobic) are involved in the process of processing waste masses, air exchange is necessary for the normal functioning of microorganisms, removal of methane and maintaining the desired temperature.

The simplest local sewer ventilation scheme includes one riser at the beginning of the system, and the second at the extreme section of the septic tank. When arranging filtration fields, the ventilation riser is installed on each drain pipe.

Calculation of the capacity of the septic tank

It is not difficult to calculate the size of a septic tank: for this, the norm of drains per person per day, equal to 200 liters, is taken into account, taking into account the availability of a standard set of plumbing fixtures, including a bath or shower. But you should also take into account a three-day supply, that is, if N-number of people constantly live in the house, then the volume of the septic tank will be equal to: 200 l ?3 days?N (number of people in the house) = septic tank volume

200 l? 3 days? N (number of people in the house) = volume of the septic tank.

The result obtained also determines the design of the septic tank in the country, since for a volume of 1 m3 a single-chamber capacity is quite suitable, from 1 to 10 m3 - a two-chamber model, over 10 m3 - a three-chamber model.

How to clean the sewer at home? - here is more useful information.

But the last the option is relevant for country houses and dachas with a permanent residence of a large number of people, and for such models it sometimes makes sense to make filtering fields.

You will be interested in this article - How to make drainage on the site with your own hands?

Instead of a conclusion

When deciding on a septic tank in the country, it should be borne in mind that it cannot be located closer than 2-5 m from any building

It is especially necessary to take into account the location of water sources and where the windows of the house, ventilation fences, etc. go. This is necessary in order to prevent unpleasant odors that may come from a septic tank from entering the house.

When performing earthworks, it must be borne in mind that the pit should be 15-20 cm wider along the perimeter - additional space will be required for backfilling and insulation.

If a plastic container is being installed, then its installation should be carried out by first pouring water into it by 1/3 of the volume.

This operation can also be performed in stages: first, water is poured to a certain height of the container, then backfilling is performed at the same level, etc., up to the upper level.

When arranging filtration fields, the area above them (and this is at least 20-30 m2) cannot be used for growing horticultural crops. The best option for using this site is the arrangement of a flower bed.

What is sewerage

Sewer networks are
one of the parts of the common
water supply and sanitation systems that perform the functions of collecting and removing
sewage and organic waste. Somewhat simplified,
it is an extensive network of pipelines entering every city building and providing an output
wastewater into a specialized facility

somewhat prejudiced attitude
most people to sewerage is completely undeserved, since its importance
and responsibility cannot be exaggerated.It is enough to remember that all
outbreaks of epidemics occur in backward countries with a complete lack of
infrastructure

The composition and scheme of operation of the complexes may be different. it
due to the size of the settlement, the number of buildings and people,
living in them. For the functioning of the sewer network, water is required, with which
transport of solid waste. There are no other ways, so sewerage
is part of
water supply complex, being one of the priority parts of the urban infrastructure. Terms
system operation is quite rigid, it operates all year round and needs protection from
freezing. To do this, pipelines are placed underground, to a depth exceeding the level of freezing.
soil in winter. Considering that the network permeates the entire city, entering every house, one can quite clearly
to present the volumes and degree of distribution of the complex.

Sewer networks

Material for a septic tank

All modern septic tanks are made of polymers or metals.

Of the features of polymer products worth highlighting:

• polyethylene septic tanks have the lowest cost and excellent tightness. Their main disadvantage is their reduced resistance to hot water.
• polypropylene septic tanks are more durable and more resistant to aggressive environments and temperature fluctuations.
• fiberglass septic tanks are the best option from polymers, despite the higher cost. They have increased resistance to aggressive environments (including chemically active substances). They can be used for processing industrial wastewater.

Metal septic tanks have the following features:

• susceptibility to temperature fluctuations. When operating the product in the cold season, it is necessary to insulate it with high quality.
• metal for the device must undergo high-quality processing with waterproofing substances.