Formulas and components of cleaning products

ACTION OF SAS ON THE ECOSYSTEM OF WATER BODIES.

Having traveled from the store through our sink, bath, toilet, washing machine, SMS enter the sewer, and from the sewer into rivers, etc. First of all, animals that live in water suffer from synthetic detergents. Why are they suffering? Because the SMS stick to the gills and the fish die. Do text messages affect a person? You may think that this is a strange question. After all, people do not swim and do not breathe with gills. However, the ingress of synthetic detergents into the human body with water is still possible. First of all, this happens when a person eats or drinks from dishes that have been poorly washed from detergents. Another route of exposure to synthetic detergents is while bathing. It is most common in children. The stomach contains hydrochloric acid. It performs an important task - it allows you to break down food proteins.Why, then, does the stomach not dissolve under its influence? Because it is covered with a protective shell of mucus, which is constantly produced by the cells of the walls of the stomach, which is destroyed by SMS. This means that if SMS enters the human body from an unwashed plate, then the protective, water-repellent shell around the walls of the stomach becomes thinner. The result is a stomach ulcer.

What to do? Firstly, wash dishes mostly without synthetic detergents or with a minimum amount of them. Secondly, rinse the dishes very carefully, drink and cook food with water purified by special filters. Dissolving in water, surfactants significantly change the properties of water, i.e. greatly reduce its surface tension (the tendency of water to reduce its surface area), due to which the drop has a spherical shape. But the amazing properties of the water film are used by a number of living organisms. Bed bugs live on its surface, and water striders, smoothies and beetles-whirlwinds stay under it. Mosquito larvae, some water beetles and various snails use the surface of the film as a support. The most famous inhabitants of the surface of reservoirs, of course, are water strider bugs. They live only on a water film, never sinking, glide over the surface of the water, touching it only with the very tips of their paws, covered with stiff brushes of non-wetted hairs, when wet, the insect can drown. Water film for water striders is also a source of information. Based on the nature of the oscillation of the water film, the insect learns from which side the danger threatens or where the potential victim is.On the surface of the water, hanging from below to the film of surface tension, mollusks - coils and pond snails - can wander. At the same time, they not only hold on to the surface film, but can crawl on it no worse than on the surface of any solid object.

Thus, a decrease in the surface tension of water leads to the death of all of the above aquatic inhabitants. In addition, synthetic detergents contain polyphosphates, the resulting hydrolysis products do not pose a threat to humans and animals living in the water, but are considered dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. An excess of phosphorus initiates the following chain: the rapid growth of plants, the death of plants, rotting, the depletion of oxygen in water bodies, the deterioration of the life of organisms. Therefore, SMS is also a substance that contributes to the depletion of water bodies with oxygen. They are dangerous to all life in the water, even in very small concentrations. Water pollution with detergents is further complicated by the fact that even their biological destruction is not a solution to the problem, since the products of such destruction themselves are toxic in some cases. Microorganisms, filtering water through themselves and, thus, receiving nutrients, along with them receive a dose of pollutant. Pollution spreads along the food chain, the concentration of such a substance per unit weight of each subsequent consumer increases.

How to choose the right cleaning products

Modern manufacturers offer a huge selection of different cleaning products.

What to look for when choosing a safe product?

Compound

The production of such products should be based on the use of only natural ingredients, which are also harmless and safe.Its soap base consists of soap root or cherimoya extract, but soap nuts can also be used for making. Sometimes among the components of such products you can find essential oils, soda, alcohol, organic acids or other components. If the composition of the product includes a variety of fragrances, then the product will have a pleasant smell.

Hypoallergenicity and purpose

To ensure the safety of the product for the human body, it must include hypoallergenic components. The purpose of eco-funds is quite extensive. Among them you can find for cleaning or washing:

• windows;
• glasses;
• linen;
• Crockery;
• Floors;
• Removing traces of scale from plumbing;
• Universal means.

Brand

Many companies specialize in the production of eco-cleaning products. Some of them have recently appeared on the modern market, while others have already gained recognition and popularity among many users.

Benefits of eco-friendly products:

• Minimized environmental impact;
• No strong chemical odor
• Harm to the human body is minimized;
• Natural ingredients in the composition;
• Can be used even for children.

Disadvantages of eco-cleaning products:

• High consumption rate;
• High price;
• They do not always cope with old and stubborn stains in the fabric.

Business Relevance

For every modern person, the day begins in the bathroom, lined with bottles of shower gel, facial wash, shampoos. There are also several bars of laundry and toilet soap, laundry detergents (dry, liquid, concentrated), plumbing cleaners, stain removers and other SMS (synthetic detergents).

Branded detergents are produced by large concerns, their cost includes the use of a trademark, brand name of the product (a sonorous, memorable name), which makes them expensive. Oddly enough, but the quality of these funds is quite comparable with cheap analogues. So, subject to the manufacturing technology, any product of the selected segment will be competitive.

Most of this segment of the Russian market is filled with brands of funds produced by large foreign concerns. The practice of issuing imported brands at domestic, once famous for their products, large chemical plants has long been used.

If you want to quickly introduce your product to the market, you can take advantage of the protection of foreign firms, but this step will make the product more expensive. A franchise is profitable during the period of the enterprise's formation, but you will have to work according to the rules of the franchisor, which often runs counter to the interests of the domestic producer and consumer.

If it is necessary to produce high-quality chemicals at relatively low prices, it is more profitable to develop your own product line. And the former giants of the domestic chemical industry, working under contracts with foreign concerns, in contrast to the low cost, will be able to put only the sonorous name of the advertised product.

Types of detergents

Synthetic detergents according to the all-Russian classifier of consumer goods are means:

• for washing items made of cotton and linen fabrics, silk, wool, artificial and synthetic fibers;
• universal;
• for soaking clothes;
• household needs,
• special purpose.

SMS is classified according to the state of aggregation:

1. hard;
2. liquid;
3. powder;
4. granulated;
5. pasty.

The highest concentration of active substances in powdered products. For their packaging, simple packaging is used, which favorably affects the cost of the goods. In terms of composition, powders can be opposed to tablet laundry detergents. In Russia, they are not yet produced and are not in great demand due to their high cost.

When selecting equipment for the production of synthetic detergents funds, you must choose one of two directions: liquid or dry products are supposed to be produced.

The most popular means for washing and cleaning have recently become liquid homogeneous compositions that do not have abrasive (scratching) particles. This production practically does not harm the environment if the workshop has special filters with an installation that neutralizes volatile chemical compounds.

In the production of powdered SMS, heavy dusting occurs, which leads to increased attention to the workshop from the sanitary and epidemiological services. Although the production of dry detergent requires less equipment, this is one of the factors contributing to the decision in favor of opening such a plant with a small initial capital.

Chemistry

Detergents and cleaning products – Chemistry in everyday life – CHEMISTRY AND LIFE

We widely use various detergents in everyday life: for washing clothes, washing dishes, walls, ceilings, sinks, windows, cleaning carpets and upholstered furniture.

Any detergent must have a dual function: the ability to interact with a pollutant (most often fat) and transfer it to water or an aqueous solution.

To do this, the detergent molecule must have a hydrophobic (water-repellent) and a hydrophilic (loving to hold water) parts.

- REMEMBER. The composition of SMS includes surfactants, bleaches, softeners, foaming agents and aromatic fragrances.

Currently, we widely use synthetic detergents (SMC) - detergents. The basis of SMS are synthetic surfactants - surfactants, in which a long hydrocarbon limit (most often an unbranched radical (as in soap) is connected to a sulfate or sulfonate group. Their production is based on oil refining products, for example:

- REMEMBER. Synthetic detergents (SMC) are called detergents. They are based on surface-active substances (surfactants), in which a long hydrocarbon limiting radical is connected to a sulfate or sulfonate group.

Sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate is the main component of many detergents (washing powder). Unlike insoluble calcium and magnesium stearates, which are formed during washing in hard water and deposited on the fabric (clog pores, make the fabric rough, faded, poorly breathable), calcium and magnesium salts of sulfonic acids dissolve well in water

Consequently, many SMS wash equally well in both soft and hard water; SMS act not only in hot water, but also in warm and cold water, which is important, for example, when washing fabrics made of artificial fibers. Yes, and their consumption is much less compared to the consumption of soap (about 25% of soap is used to bind Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions)

But surfactants decompose very slowly and, getting into water bodies with sewage, have a harmful effect on living organisms. Therefore, it is desirable to treat wastewater from surfactants in settling tanks, and under natural conditions (in water bodies they are partially “eaten up” by heterotrophic bacteria that are part of activated sludge. Biochemical treatment can be performed in the presence of enzymes.

In addition to surfactants, SMS also includes other components: bleaches, softeners, foaming agents, aromatic fragrances.

- REMEMBER. The composition of the widely advertised washing powder for hand washing "OMO intelligent": surface-active substances (surfactants), sodium perborate, enzymes, phosphates, stabilizers, polymers, carbonates, silicates, optical brighteners, perfume additives.

Optical brighteners do not affect the structure of the fabric, they absorb ultraviolet rays, but emit energy in the blue region of the visible spectrum. At the same time, the fabric acquires whiteness and brightness.

The active principle of chemical bleaches are atomic oxygen, atomic chlorine and sulfur oxide (IV). These bleaches destroy the pollution and color spots which were not giving in to washing solution, and at the same time and disinfect a fabric.

Stains of protein origin are difficult to wash off and are poorly discolored by chemical bleaches. To eliminate them, special enzymes are used, which are introduced as an additive in detergents. Since these enzymes cannot withstand high temperatures, laundry with protein contamination is washed in warm water and not boiled.

Sodium metaphosphate (NaPO₃)_n. This compound is highly soluble in water and binds part of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions into insoluble Ca phosphates.₃(PO₄)₂, Mg₃(PO₄)₂.

Sodium stearate (the main component of soap) C₁₇H₃₅COONa in aqueous solution dissociates:

Schematically, the stearate ion can be depicted as follows:

The hydrophobic part of the ion penetrates into the hydrophobic pollutant (fat), as a result, the surface of each particle or droplet of pollution is, as it were, surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic groups. They interact with polar water molecules (“like dissolves like”). Due to this, detergent ions, together with pollution, break away from the surface of the fabric and pass into the aquatic environment.

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RESEARCH OF THE MARKET FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SMS.

The Russian SMS market has shown significant growth in recent years, the reasons for which are the growth in the income level of the population and changes in the culture of consumption of household chemicals. However, the consumption of synthetic detergents in Russia remains one of the lowest in Europe. So, according to sociologists and medical workers, the level of consumption of detergents in various commodity forms should be at least 7 kg. in year. In Russia, per capita consumption is about 4 kg. while the average consumption of washing powder in Germany is 10-12 kg per year, in the UK - 14.2 kg, in France - 15.6 kg, in North America - 28 kg. Russians consume 4 kg of laundry detergent per year. About 70 enterprises are engaged in the production of synthetic detergents in our country. At the same time, five largest manufacturers stand out among the manufacturers, which account for the maximum share of capacities.Thus, P&G accounts for 25% of all capacities, Henkel - 18%, the positions of three Russian enterprises are strong - Nefis Cosmetics owns 6%, followed by Soda (5%) and Aist (4%).

Diagram of the production of SMS by Russian enterprises

Currently, the market for household products is divided between international and Russian manufacturers. In Russia, as well as in the world market of household detergents, there is a steady tendency to expand the zone of presence of the world's leading manufacturers. The most typical strategy for entering new markets has been the acquisition of small loss-making businesses. In 2005, according to expert data, in the total Russian production, the share of domestic producers was 30.8%, the share of enterprises with foreign capital was 69.2%, while in 2000 domestic enterprises owned more than two-thirds of the market, foreign - a third .

The share of domestic enterprises in the production of SMS

The top ten most popular brands in terms of retail sales are (in alphabetical order): Ariel (P&G), Deni (Henkel), Dosia (Reckitt Benckiser), Persil (Henkel), Sorti (Nefis Cosmetics), Tide (P&G), Myth (P&G), Pemos (Henkel). According to ACNielsen, their total share in physical terms is 73.2%.

The Russian buyer is gradually getting used to not saving on laundry detergents. Additional laundry detergents - bleaches, stain removers, conditioners, water softeners have become familiar and necessary. The use of new multifunctional products is gaining popularity, providing good washing quality, removing even the most stubborn stains that retain the color and shape of the product.

Product certification

Before proceeding with the sale of their goods, the entrepreneur receives a certificate of conformity. The requirements for quality assessment are formed by two instances - GOST R and TR TS. Obtaining a certificate consists of three stages:

• declaration;
• state registration;
• voluntary certification.

Permits are divided into different categories depending on the period of their validity:

• TR CU declaration - 5 years for serial production, for a batch - indefinitely;
• GOST declaration - 5 years for serial production, for supply - indefinitely;
• GOST R certificate - 3 years for a permanent issue, for a batch - indefinitely;
• certificate of state registration - indefinitely for all methods of sale, import and sale.

Reference. If a businessman starts selling detergents in the absence of a certificate, he faces a large fine. Its size reaches 1 million rubles.

The procedure for obtaining permits consists of several consecutive steps:

1. choice of registration company;
2. sending an application to the certificate issuing center;
3. verification of products and selection of a conformity scheme;
4. conclusion of an agreement with a certification center and negotiation of product prices;
5. collection of documentation;
6. collection of SMS samples, examination and preparation of protocols;
7. audit, analysis of the state of the workshop and production line;
8. obtaining a permit with a unique identification code and sending information to the state register.

What can the use of household chemicals with harmful components lead to?

The use of low-quality household chemicals is dangerous because the harm it causes is not immediately visible. Unbeknownst to a person, it can lead to a number of serious diseases.

Of course, it is best to use products of organic origin, but firstly, they do not cope with all pollution, and secondly, they are quite expensive.

Therefore, try to at least choose those products that contain fewer aggressive substances.

If you cannot afford expensive foreign brands, then household chemicals from Belarus will come to your aid. Most of these cleaners and detergents are manufactured at joint ventures with Western companies.

Thus, you get high-quality household chemicals, which are produced according to European technologies, but at the same time you do not overpay for famous brands.

Be always healthy, let your home be the safest and most comfortable!

Costs and payback

When calculating expenses, two parameters are taken into account - start-up capital and monthly investments. An entrepreneur must have start-up capital even before starting a business - this is the financial reserve that accounts for all initial expenses. A list of these expenses is presented in the table.

Table 1. Starting Capital for Starting a Detergent Manufacturing Business

After the opening of production, the businessman's attention switches to regular expenses. They include such important items as paying rent, paying salaries to staff, etc.

The correct calculation of monthly expenses allows you to avoid unexpected expenses and determine the profitability of the workshop.

Table 2. Monthly costs for the production of cleaning products

Reference. In the first months, the business does not bring profit to the owner. This interval is called the payback period. The purpose of this period is to cover the costs that were invested in the promotion of production.

The figures given in the tables are approximate. Many factors affect the final cost, such as:

• location of the factory (and cost of rent);
• the number of employees and the size of the salary;
• selection of a specific advertising campaign;
• production volumes;
• equipment quality;
• choice of taxation system, etc.

The profitability of the enterprise is also calculated in general terms. If we assume that the factory sells 40,000 liters of liquid soap every month, then we can determine the total income. At a price of 120 rubles for a 5-liter capacity, earnings are 960 thousand rubles

It is important not to confuse income with net income.

Profit is the figure that remains after deducting all expenses:

• for raw materials;
• for the payment of wages;
• for tax contributions, etc.

With an income of 960 thousand rubles net profit is ~250 thousand rubles. If you maintain a stable level of income, the company will pay for itself in the next 5-6 months.

Surfactants (surfactants)

Such substances are present in all cleaning products - washing powder, soap, etc. All these products clean very well due to the fact that they contribute to the combination of fat molecules and water molecules. Therefore, they also break down protective sebum.

There are standards established by GOST, according to which, after applying such household chemicals, the protective layer of the skin should recover by 60% after 4 hours. However, in fact, the fat layer is not restored during this period.

There is the following classification of surfactants:

• Anionic (a-surfactant) - they dissolve best in water, are very effective and cheap, but at the same time bring the greatest harm to humans and nature. In the body, they gradually accumulate in high concentrations.
• Cationic - they are not so harmful, they have a bactericidal effect.
• Non-ionic - fully biodegradable.

Very often, anionic surfactants contain nitrosamines, carcinogens that are not reported on labels at all. Modern detergents and cleaners often contain high concentrations of anionic surfactants. If you use them regularly in everyday life, the following phenomena are noted:

• significant dehydration and degreasing of the skin, and, as a result, its rapid aging;
• there is an accumulation of anionic surfactants in organs - the brain, liver, etc.;
• these substances, together with phosphates, are intensively absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream and, as a result, reduce immunity;
• the toxic effects of such substances lead to disruption of the functions of liver cells, an increase in cholesterol levels and, as a result, an increase in the risk of stroke and heart attack; also increases the likelihood of hyperemia, emphysema, impaired transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system;
• increased risk of allergic manifestations.

Whatever household chemicals are used, surfactants penetrate the skin and gradually accumulate. And even if the dishes are rinsed for a very long time after using the detergent, the chemical compounds still remain on it. In order to slightly reduce the negative impact of these substances, you should try to buy household products containing no more than 5% a-surfactants.

Another important point that parents of young children should always keep in mind is that some products may be of interest to children. For example, washing powder gel capsules often attract the smallest, who play with them and even sometimes swallow them. Upon contact, and especially ingestion, serious poisoning occurs, so parents need to be extremely careful.

The table below shows the "black" and "white" lists of household chemicals