What you need to design ventilation: the regulatory framework and the procedure for drafting a project

Determination of the amount of hazards that are emitted in the production room.

This amount of harmfulness is determined
both experimental data and
by known methods.

Depending on the type of hazard
various methods are applied. For
For example, consider two types of hazards.

When heat is released from the outside
equipment surfaces

(1.1)

where Q is the amount of heat,
released in the room, J / s;

 – heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2K);

F_t- square
heat-releasing surface of the equipment,
m2;

t_n– outdoor
equipment wall temperature,С;

t_about –
ambient air temperature, С.

When harmful substances evaporate from open
surfaces

G=WF_and,
kg/s (1.2)

where G is the mass of harmful
substances released in the room, kg/s;

W– evaporation rate
substances from the surface, kg/(sm2);

F_and –
evaporation area, m2.

The grafical part

The graphic part consists of floor plans, sections and fragments of rooms with elements applied to them: air ducts, fans, air diffusers, etc.

On a note!
The use of an automated dispatching system leads to a significant reduction in operating costs!

The process of creating project documentation in our company is carried out by highly qualified engineers using advanced software technologies, which allows us to automate calculations and optimize technical solutions to achieve high quality project documentation.

All design solutions are carried out in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations, GOSTs, sanitary and hygienic, fire and other standards in force on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Stages of design work:

1. Pre-project preparation (development of technical specifications for the project);
2. Project, feasibility study (feasibility study);
3. Working draft;
4. Executive (working) documentation (developed after completion of installation work).

Key Design Benefits

The drafting of the project ends with the issuance of a document to the customer, which presents the concept of a ventilation system for an apartment, private house, office or any other premises.The project determines the exact location of air ducts, ventilation grilles, as well as other equipment.

Using the plan, you can also find out the characteristics of individual components and equipment of the ventilation system, coordinate the placement of elements, taking into account the interior and design of the room.

One of the main shortcomings in the design of ventilation during the reconstruction of a structure is the preparation of a plan without the departure of specialists to inspect the facility. As a result, the power of the resulting system does not cover the volume of a given room, and an increased load accelerates equipment failure.

The project minimizes further conflict situations between the customer and the contractor, allows you to assess the correctness of the future installation. The presence of the document provides an opportunity to assess the correctness of the proposed options.

WORKING DRAFT

The working draft is the final stage, which is intended for the development of the final version of the documentation for the assembly of the ventilation system and for subsequent testing and commissioning. The working draft should contain the most detailed information necessary for the implementation of the task as part of the working draft:

• explanatory note
• working drawings

The explanatory note contains the following data: description of the object, list and characteristics of ventilation equipment, air exchange parameters, specific features of the ventilation system.

A set of working drawings consists of a building plan with ventilation ducts and an indication of ventilation chambers; sectional drawings of ventilation chambers; detailed drawings of non-standard equipment that is part of the future ventilation.

working drawing

Features of project documentation

The project documentation can be divided into three parts:

• explanatory note;
• set of drawings;
• additional information.

The explanatory note contains a brief description of ventilation, technical specifications for the arrangement of ventilation ducts, power and heat consumption, the value of air exchange in the context of the premises.

The set of drawings includes a distribution diagram of ventilation equipment with details of nodes and a structural diagram, drawings of nodes, layout plans for routes, air ducts. This part of the project also includes the rules for maintaining communications and additional information for installing a ventilation system.

A complete package of project documentation is impossible without additional information - certificates, licenses, integration tables, axonometric diagrams and equipment specifications.

Calculations

Competent calculation of supply and exhaust ventilation implies the determination of its following parameters:

• total air flow;
• normal pressure in the system;
• heating power;
• cross-sectional area;
• the size of the inlet and outlet holes;
• electrical energy consumption (for mechanical systems).

Productivity is calculated based on data on the height and area of ​​​​the premises, on the use of each site and on its workload. When choosing the frequency of air passage through ventilation, one must not deviate from the values ​​​​prescribed by SNiP. If necessary, only corrections are made for heating characteristics and for the number of people present. For most residential apartments, it is required to ensure the supply of 100-500 cubic meters. m of air in 60 minutes. And if the area of ​​​​the apartment is large (or you need to ventilate a private house), this figure will already be 1-2 thousand cubic meters. m.

For an overview of the design of ventilation systems, see the following video.

Types of project documentation

The legislation distinguishes several types of projects that differ in approaches and objects in relation to which they are developed. We single out the main types of project documentation:

1. Individual design is work that is carried out using methods and means in relation to a specific structure.
2. Creation of a project of economic information structure. It implies the construction of new or restoration of existing systems. Requires debugging in actions and the implementation of a full range of works.
3. Typical design is the breakdown of the system into a number of elements, its assignment to different types and the creation of a final project for each of their elements. The principle of splitting the system into parts may be different depending on the type of design used.

It also highlights the prototyping of information systems and domain modeling. We will not delve into these types of design, because they are rarely used and do not concern classical design.

Calculation of the ventilation system

The design of the ventilation system, first of all, begins with the calculation of the performance of the ventilation system. For this, sufficient air exchange in the room and its multiplicity are determined: i.e. how many complete replacements of the exhaust air in the room are needed per unit of time, 1 hour. For each room (room), depending on its purpose, on the basis of the stipulated state requirements, an individual indicator is calculated, and then the results are summarized.

Calculations begin after the creation of a working drawing

For different rooms, the requirements for the frequency of air exchange are different. For example, for living rooms where there is no natural ventilation per person, 60 m3 / hour is required. In the bedrooms, the figure is lower, because. a sleeping person needs less oxygen, 303/hour. Only the number of people who will stay in the room permanently is taken into account. Those. you should not increase the figure for the living room or kitchen, because guests sometimes come to you and you receive them in this room.

So, the calculation must be made according to two indicators: the number of people and the multiplicity. You should count according to both formulas, and then focus on a larger value.

To calculate the required air exchange in a room (L) by quantity, multiply the number of people (N) by the amount of air they consume (L_normal)

L=N*L_normal

To determine the same indicator by the multiplicity, the required air exchange rate (n) is multiplied by the volume of the room (V)

L=n*V

Depending on the purpose of the room, the indicator n is:

• for the bathroom - 7;
• for the kitchen - from 5 to 10;
• for a living room - up to 2;
• for the office - up to 3.

Adding the individual results of each room, we get the overall performance of the ventilation system.

It is important to consider the filtration stage when calculating the air velocity

The smaller the size of the duct, the higher the speed of the flow inside, however, this increases the resistance and noise level during operation of the system. The optimal speed will be 3-4 m3/hour. Larger ducts deliver more air and are quieter, but can be more difficult to hide.You can save space with the help of channels with a rectangular cross section, because their height is half the width, so they are also called flat. Round ducts are easier to install, have better aerodynamic performance, but they take up more space, and it will be more difficult to disguise them.

To calculate the cross-sectional area, i.e. the size of the ducts. To determine this, you need to know the speed of air movement inside the air duct, as well as the volume of air passing through the air duct per unit of time. Calculations are made according to formulas, however, if you are not strong in mathematical operations, use the online calculator to calculate ventilation. You only need to enter your data in the appropriate fields, the calculation will happen automatically.

In the same way, you can calculate the required number of diffusers, ventilation grilles, heater power, and even monthly electricity costs.

Such services help facilitate the calculation process, but it will still be better if the ventilation project will be drawn up by a specialist with experience. Errors in the calculations will lead to disruption of the ventilation system, the complexity of its repair and maintenance. Incorrectly calculated ventilation may simply be useless, and calculations and installation will have to be carried out again.

The procedure for redevelopment

Any significant redevelopment must begin with approval. All. as for gas equipment, these are works with increased danger, therefore interference and deviation from the standard can be considered a gross violation, as well as entail various kinds of consequences, up to administrative punishment.Therefore, in order to properly transfer the gas stove to another place, it is necessary to comply with all the norms prescribed in the legislation.

We should not forget that gas equipment is technically complex and all work related to installation is extremely dangerous. Only specialists of the gas company should perform such work.

To start redevelopment, you need to familiarize yourself with the standards applicable to gas supply systems, which are prescribed by SNiP 41-01-2003. This document, developed back in the Soviet Union, has undergone a number of changes at the present time and regulates the procedure for laying gas pipes and placing a gas stove in the kitchen.

Natural lighting in the kitchen is a must. The minimum allowable dimensions of door and window openings are prescribed in SanPiN 2.2.1 2.1.1.1278-03. They are designed based on the needs of the human visual system.

Thus, even in order to transfer the gas supply to the stove in the apartment, it is necessary to comply with all requirements and the mandatory call of specialists to carry out the work.

Obtaining a redevelopment permit consists of several stages. Let's consider them in more detail.

Stage 1 - writing an application for the transfer of the plate

first you have to write an application for the transfer and conduct a survey of the premises for the possibility of redevelopment.

After inspection by a specialist and drawing up a scheme for transferring the plate, it will be necessary to contact the BTI. There, a conclusion is issued on the state of the building at the present time, on the basis of which an analysis is carried out possibilities for redevelopment.

It will also be necessary to purchase a floor plan, which will be used in the formation of the project.

Stage 2 - obtaining a conclusion and its approval

Next, you should obtain an opinion from the department of capital repairs in the Administration of the settlement. This conclusion is based on a document from the BTI.

This is followed by coordination of the conclusion with the fire supervision authority. This is a necessary step that should not be ignored, since it is this instance that can not only fine, but also completely prohibit redevelopment. For approval, in addition to the conclusion, a redevelopment plan will be needed.

The following documents will be required for approval:

• the passport;
• a document confirming the ownership of the apartment;
• floor plan of the house;
• planned redevelopment plan;
• a contract for carrying out works on redevelopment;
• extract from the house book;
• written consent to the redevelopment of all tenants of the apartment
• technical conclusion of BTI;
• an extract from the personal account confirming the absence of debts for utilities.

Preparation of documents and their signing can take from one to three months. But obtaining permission for redevelopment helps in the future not to encounter unwanted problems.

Obtaining planning permission and moving gas stove is a prerequisite. In the absence of permission and redevelopment, further sale of the apartment with re-registration will not be possible

Stage 3 - contacting the housing inspection

The last stage is an appeal to the housing inspection and the department of architecture under the Administration of the settlement. These authorities make the final decision on the possibility of redevelopment.

Getting permission is a rather complicated operation. However, the clear passage of these bureaucratic stages in the future will save you from unnecessary problems.

Norms for determining the parameters of air exchange

Since the ventilation system affects the quality of human life, its permissible parameters are prescribed in regulatory documents. Compliance with these requirements is mandatory in the case of commercial use of the premises, as well as when accepting multi-apartment buildings.

When designing ventilation inside an apartment or for a private house by the owner, they can be adopted at the level of recommendations.

Documents and acts of the Russian Federation

Russian legislation establishes various standards for ventilation and air conditioning, depending on the type and purpose of the premises. They are included in the codes of practice (SP), state standards (GOST) and sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN).

According to the rules, residential and domestic premises are ventilated to achieve the following goals:

• Maintenance of oxygen regime. A decrease in its concentration worsens a person's well-being. This problem is easiest to solve with the help of street air.
• Removal of unwanted gases and aerosols. Accumulation of carbon dioxide, combustion products or dust is hazardous to health.
• Regulation of microclimate parameters. Maintaining humidity in a given range with the help of ventilation is a common and effective method that is often used not only in residential areas, but also in warehouses and basements for various purposes.

In Russian standards, the calculation of the supply air flow is determined by many parameters, after which they take the highest possible rate.In practice, not all of them are often used, so this approach raises many questions among specialists.

There are 8 documents regulating air exchange rates, permissible microclimate parameters, as well as rules for the installation and operation of ventilation systems

Foreign ventilation quality standards

When installing a ventilation system for a cottage or your own apartment, it is not necessary to use the current Russian regulatory documents. Alternatively, you can apply in the calculations the provisions of foreign standards that regulate indoor air quality.

Founded in 1894, the ASHRAE engineering community has a wealth of scientific and practical experience in the field of ventilation and air conditioning.

ASHRAE has developed the following documents:

• ASHRAE 62.1 - requirements for ventilation and air conditioning systems;
• ASHRAE 55 - requirements for the microclimate and thermal comfort of the room.

Research by this American Society of Engineers is often used to calculate international and national quality standards.

Standard 62.1 uses methodologies based on the following to determine minimum ventilation rates:

• air exchange rate (VRP), where the positions of the supply and exhaust devices are regulated and the power of the flows varies depending on the microclimate indicators;
• indoor air quality (IAQP), which suggests ways to reduce the concentration of unwanted aerosols by filtering them;
• dimensions and position of the openings for natural ventilation (NVP).

The integrated use of all three approaches can significantly reduce operating costs.

There are also works of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) dedicated to the ventilation of buildings:

• standard EN 13779 - requirements for ventilation and air conditioning systems;
• standard EN 15251 - requirements for microclimate parameters;
• act CR 1752 - criteria for calculating the ventilation of buildings.

Both sets of standards relate directly to the health and comfort of users. The required volume of supply air is determined by the emission of carbon dioxide, since there are no other significant sources of pollution.

For technical premises, such as a gas boiler room, the calculation of the volume of air exchange is carried out from the position of ensuring safety, and not quality of life

You can order the calculation of the ventilation parameters of an apartment or house according to American or European standards. This will be reasonable, given the long foreign experience and more stringent requirements for the quality of life.

The need for a ventilation project

Ventilation is one of the most important life support systems, and the comfort and freshness of the air in the house will depend on its proper design and installation. It is the ventilation ducts that provide year-round supply of clean air without constantly opening windows, through which dust, allergens, and extraneous noise also enter the home.

Depending on the functional purpose of the building and other factors, there are simple ventilation, supply and exhaust systems with inflow cooling, as well as supply and exhaust ventilation with inflow cooling and the ability to control the temperature in the rooms.

Drawing up a competent project will ensure long and reliable operation of ventilation equipment, as well as comfort and pleasant stay in the building for people.

Stages of ventilation design

Depending on the complexity of the object, the content and scope of the project will change, but the following points will remain its main elements:

1. Feasibility study (technical project). This is essentially a preliminary stage at which design specialists go to the facility to record the necessary initial data: the purpose and functions of the building or premises, the area of ​​the facility, the number of people in it.

At the same stage, the selection of the necessary equipment, its type and main characteristics is carried out. Decisions are also made to optimize the ventilation interaction scheme with other engineering systems.

1. The second step will be the rational distribution of available material resources for the purchase of materials and equipment. The modern market offers the widest selection of devices and equipment from various manufacturers with different pricing policies.

Before purchasing equipment, the necessary calculations are performed:

• Air capacity (m3/h), which will require a floor plan of the building indicating the purpose and area of ​​each room;
• The power of a heater that works only during the cold season to heat the building. To find this value, you need the capacity required by the outlet air temperature of the system and the minimum ambient temperature.
• Working pressure, which is determined based on the technical parameters of the fan, the diameter and type of air ducts, the number of bends and transitions from one diameter to another, as well as the type of air distributors. That is, the longer and more difficult the track, the more pressure must be created by the fan.
• Air flow rate. The value of this value will depend on the diameter of the air channels.
• The noise level, which is directly related to the air speed: the higher it is, the stronger the noise level.

After carrying out all the calculations, completing the general plans of the premises and drawing future ventilation ducts on them, the project budget is calculated and the terms of reference for the production of accompanying documentation are drawn up.

Each item of the project must be approved by the customer and the relevant authorities. Design documentation is carried out strictly in accordance with regulatory requirements.

Composition of the ventilation project

Ultimately, the design documentation of the ventilation system should contain the following elements:

1. Explanatory note, which includes:

• cover and title page;
• brief description of technical solutions for ventilation systems;
• terms of reference for laying ventilation ducts;
• characteristics of the ventilation system;
• heat consumption and equipment power;
• room air exchange values.

1. Drawing set containing:

• distribution schemes of ventilation equipment in ventilation chambers with separate detailing of all nodes and its block diagram;
• arrangement of terminal devices, drawings of their main units;
• plans for the placement of air ducts, routes and other ventilation components;
• dimensions and service areas of communications;
• instructions for installing the system.

1. Additional data for obtaining a complete package of project documentation:

• integration table;
• licenses, certificates for the design and installation of the ventilation system;
• required specifications;
• axonometric diagrams of the ventilation system.

To obtain the desired result, that is, a successful and competent project, it is best to contact a design company, where specialists apply an individual approach to each customer and study in detail all the features of a particular object.

Purpose of ventilation

Such systems perform several functions at once. They are helping:

1. Maintain a high level of oxygen in the premises. An insufficient amount of it inevitably affects the well-being of people, so the problem of lack of fresh air is solved by organizing supply channels.
2. Remove exhaust air and combustion products. Carbon dioxide, combustion products and dust accumulations are equally dangerous. The former cause a decrease in activity, malaise, dust can provoke allergies, asthma.
3. Guarantee an optimal microclimate for residents. One of the main tasks of ventilation is to maintain normal humidity values. It is necessary not only for residential, but also for basement, storage facilities.

The ideal microclimate in the house will be provided only by the most efficient ventilation system, therefore, its installation can be considered the most important stage. The assembly process can be entrusted to professionals, but now many owners prefer to do all the work on their own.

What do you need to know about building ventilation design?

Without a doubt, only a qualified engineer can draw up the best ventilation project for you. Moreover, most new houses are already equipped with a ready-made exhaust and air supply system, so you don’t have to do anything extra here. However, when building your own house or shop, hotel or any other structure, you often want to save on the expensive services of professionals. The desire is quite understandable, and there are special computer programs. But before you start independent design, you need to understand some of the nuances of the process.

conclusions

The heating system allows you to maintain the proper temperature in the building and its premises. The system includes pipelines, heat sources, metering devices, heating equipment, and other devices. When designing construction, reconstruction or major repairs, the project always provides for the subsection “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system”. You can also order working documentation directly for the repair of engineering networks.

You can order design projects on the most favorable terms from Smart Way. Contact us, we will help you to draw up documentation for the heating system, even for the most complex objects.